拒む

Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
拒
こば Grade: S
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.^[1]

According to Samuel Martin, appears to be a fusion of kopa-, the stem of adjective 強し (kopasi, “stiff, hard”) + 阻む (habamu, “to obstruct, prevent, thwart”).^[2] However, the term habamu is not attested until 830,^[3] while related intransitive term 憚る (habakaru, “to be put off, to be deterred, to hesitate”) is attested since 720.^[4]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ko̞ba̠mɯ̟]
(Tokyo) こばむ [kòbáꜜmù] (Nakadaka – [2])^[5]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 拒む

Plain	拒む	こばむ	`[kòbáꜜmù]`
Conjunctive	拒んで	こばんで	`[kòbáꜜǹdè]`
Perfective	拒んだ	こばんだ	`[kòbáꜜǹdà]`
Negative	拒まない	こばまない	`[kòbámáꜜnàì]`
Negative perfective	拒まなかった	こばまなかった	`[kòbámáꜜnàkàttà]`
Hypothetical conditional	拒めば	こばめば	`[kòbáꜜmèbà]`
Past conditional	拒んだら	こばんだら	`[kòbáꜜǹdàrà]`
Imperative	拒め	こばめ	`[kòbáꜜmè]`
Volitional	拒もう	こばもー	`[kòbámóꜜò]`
Desiderative	拒みたい	こばみたい	`[kòbámítáꜜì]`
Formal	拒みます	こばみます	`[kòbámímáꜜsù]`
Formal negative	拒みません	こばみません	`[kòbámímáséꜜǹ]`
Formal volitional	拒みましょう	こばみましょー	`[kòbámímáshóꜜò]`
Formal perfective	拒みました	こばみました	`[kòbámímáꜜshìtà]`
Continuative	拒み拒みに	こばみこばみに	`[kòbáꜜmì]` `[kòbáꜜmì nì]`
Negative continuative	拒まず拒まずに	こばまずこばまずに	`[kòbámáꜜzù]` `[kòbámáꜜzù nì]`
Passive	拒まれる	こばまれる	`[kòbámáréꜜrù]`
Causative	拒ませる拒ます	こばませるこばます	`[kòbámáséꜜrù]` `[kòbámáꜜsù]`
Potential	拒める	こばめる	`[kòbáméꜜrù]`

Verb

拒(こば)む • (kobamu) godan (stem 拒(こば)み (kobami), past 拒(こば)んだ (kobanda))

[from 720] to refuse (to do) something, to reject something
Synonyms: 断る (kotowaru), 否む (inamu)

Antonyms: 受け取る (uketoru), 受け入れる (ukeireru), 認める (mitomeru)
[from 885] to block or obstruct
Synonyms: 妨げる (samatageru), 防ぐ (fusegu), 阻む (habamu)

Conjugation

Conjugation of "拒む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	拒ま	こばま	kobama
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	拒み	こばみ	kobami
Shūshikei ("terminal")	拒む	こばむ	kobamu
Rentaikei ("attributive")	拒む	こばむ	kobamu
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	拒め	こばめ	kobame
Meireikei ("imperative")	拒め	こばめ	kobame
Key constructions
Passive	拒まれる	こばまれる	kobamareru
Causative	拒ませる拒ます	こばませるこばます	kobamaseru kobamasu
Potential	拒める	こばめる	kobameru
Volitional	拒もう	こばもう	kobamō
Negative	拒まない	こばまない	kobamanai
Negative continuative	拒まず	こばまず	kobamazu
Formal	拒みます	こばみます	kobamimasu
Perfective	拒んだ	こばんだ	kobanda
Conjunctive	拒んで	こばんで	kobande
Hypothetical conditional	拒めば	こばめば	kobameba

References

^ “拒”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
^ Samuel E. Martin (1987), The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 710
^ “阻・沮”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
^ “憚”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[3] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

“拒む”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[4] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

[NKDKobamu-1] “拒”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[2] Samuel E. Martin (1987), The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 710

[KDJ2-habamu-3] “阻・沮”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[KDJ2-habakaru-4] “憚”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[3] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[DJR-5] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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