拒む
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Japanese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
拒 |
こば Grade: S |
kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1]
According to Samuel Martin, appears to be a fusion of kopa-, the stem of adjective 強し (kopasi, “stiff, hard”) + 阻む (habamu, “to obstruct, prevent, thwart”).[2] However, the term habamu is not attested until 830,[3] while related intransitive term 憚る (habakaru, “to be put off, to be deterred, to hesitate”) is attested since 720.[4]
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]拒む • (kobamu) godan (stem 拒み (kobami), past 拒んだ (kobanda))
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "拒む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 拒ま | こばま | kobama |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 拒み | こばみ | kobami |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 拒む | こばむ | kobamu |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 拒む | こばむ | kobamu |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 拒め | こばめ | kobame |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 拒め | こばめ | kobame |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 拒まれる | こばまれる | kobamareru |
Causative | 拒ませる 拒ます |
こばませる こばます |
kobamaseru kobamasu |
Potential | 拒める | こばめる | kobameru |
Volitional | 拒もう | こばもう | kobamō |
Negative | 拒まない | こばまない | kobamanai |
Negative continuative | 拒まず | こばまず | kobamazu |
Formal | 拒みます | こばみます | kobamimasu |
Perfective | 拒んだ | こばんだ | kobanda |
Conjunctive | 拒んで | こばんで | kobande |
Hypothetical conditional | 拒めば | こばめば | kobameba |
References
[edit]- ^ “拒”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
- ^ Samuel E. Martin (1987) The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 710
- ^ “阻・沮”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
- ^ “憚”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][3] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 拒 read as こば
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese type 1 verbs
- Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji