꾸다

Korean

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [k͈uda̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [꾸다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	kkuda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	kkuda
McCune–Reischauer?	kkuda
Yale Romanization?	kkwuta

Etymology 1

First attested in the Worin cheon'gangjigok (月印千江之曲 / 월인천강지곡), 1449, as Middle Korean ᄭᅮ〮다〮 (Yale: skwú-tá).

Verb

꾸다 • (kkuda) (infinitive 꾸어 or 꿔, sequential 꾸니)

1. to dream

   꿈을 꾸다 ― kkum-eul kkuda ― to have a dream

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 꾸다 (kkuda): vowel-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	꾼다 kkunda	꾸어 kkueo	꾸어요, 꿔요 kkueoyo, kkwoyo	꿉니다 kkumnida
	Past	꾸었다 kkueotda	꾸었어 kkueosseo	꾸었어요 kkueosseoyo	꾸었습니다 kkueotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	꾸느냐 kkuneunya	꾸어 kkueo	꾸어요, 꿔요 kkueoyo, kkwoyo	꿉니까 kkumnikka
	Past	꾸었느냐 kkueonneunya	꾸었어 kkueosseo	꾸었어요 kkueosseoyo	꾸었습니까 kkueotseumnikka
Hortative		꾸자 kkuja	꾸어 kkueo	꾸어요, 꿔요 kkueoyo, kkwoyo	꾸십시다 kkusipsida
Imperative		꾸어라, 꿔라 kkueora, kkwora	꾸어 kkueo	꾸어요, 꿔요 kkueoyo, kkwoyo	꿉시오 kkupsio
Assertive		꾸겠다 kkugetda	꾸겠어 kkugesseo	꾸겠어요 kkugesseoyo	꾸겠습니다 kkugetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		꾸어 kkueo	꾸어서, 꿔서 kkueoseo, kkwoseo	꾸니 kkuni	꾸니까 kkunikka
Contrast		꾸지만 kkujiman	꾸는데 kkuneunde	꾸더니 kkudeoni
Conjunction		꾸고 kkugo
Condition		꾸면 kkumyeon	꾸어야, 꿔야 kkueoya, kkwoya
Motive		꾸려고 kkuryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		꿈 kkum	꾸기 kkugi
Past-tense verbal nouns		꾸었음, 꿨음 kkueosseum, kkwosseum	꾸었기, 꿨기 kkueotgi, kkwotgi
Determiners	Past	꾼 kkun
	Present	꾸는 kkuneun
	Future	꿀 kkul

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	꾸신다 kkusinda	꾸셔 kkusyeo	꾸세요, 꾸셔요 kkuseyo, kkusyeoyo	꾸십니다 kkusimnida
	Past	꾸셨다 kkusyeotda	꾸셨어 kkusyeosseo	꾸셨어요 kkusyeosseoyo	꾸셨습니다 kkusyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	꾸시느냐 kkusineunya	꾸셔 kkusyeo	꾸세요, 꾸셔요 kkuseyo, kkusyeoyo	꾸십니까 kkusimnikka
	Past	꾸셨느냐 kkusyeonneunya	꾸셨어 kkusyeosseo	꾸셨어요 kkusyeosseoyo	꾸셨습니까 kkusyeotseumnikka
Imperative		꾸시라 kkusira	꾸셔 kkusyeo	꾸세요 kkuseyo	꾸십시오 kkusipsio
Assertive		꾸시겠다 kkusigetda	꾸시겠어 kkusigesseo	꾸시겠어요 kkusigesseoyo	꾸시겠습니다 kkusigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		꾸셔 kkusyeo	꾸셔서 kkusyeoseo	꾸시니 kkusini	꾸시니까 kkusinikka
Contrast		꾸시지만 kkusijiman	꾸시는데 kkusineunde	꾸시더니 kkusideoni
Conjunction		꾸시고 kkusigo
Condition		꾸시면 kkusimyeon	꾸셔야 kkusyeoya
Motive		꾸시려고 kkusiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		꾸심 kkusim	꾸시기 kkusigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		꾸셨음 kkusyeosseum	꾸셨기 kkusyeotgi
Determiners	Past	꾸신 kkusin
	Present	꾸시는 kkusineun
	Future	꾸실 kkusil

Derived terms

• 꿈 (kkum, “dream”)
• 꿈꾸다 (kkumkkuda, “to dream”)

 

Etymology 2

First attested in the Samgang haengsildo (三綱行實圖 / 삼강행실도), 1481, as Middle Korean ᄢᅮ다 (Yale: pskwu-ta).

Verb

꾸다 • (kkuda) (infinitive 꾸어 or 꿔, sequential 꾸니)

1. (rare) to borrow

Usage notes

Nowadays appears chiefly in the derived antonym 꾸어주다 (kkueojuda, “to lend”). The general word for "to borrow" is 빌리다 (billida).

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 꾸다 (kkuda): vowel-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	꾼다 kkunda	꾸어 kkueo	꾸어요, 꿔요 kkueoyo, kkwoyo	꿉니다 kkumnida
	Past	꾸었다 kkueotda	꾸었어 kkueosseo	꾸었어요 kkueosseoyo	꾸었습니다 kkueotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	꾸느냐 kkuneunya	꾸어 kkueo	꾸어요, 꿔요 kkueoyo, kkwoyo	꿉니까 kkumnikka
	Past	꾸었느냐 kkueonneunya	꾸었어 kkueosseo	꾸었어요 kkueosseoyo	꾸었습니까 kkueotseumnikka
Hortative		꾸자 kkuja	꾸어 kkueo	꾸어요, 꿔요 kkueoyo, kkwoyo	꾸십시다 kkusipsida
Imperative		꾸어라, 꿔라 kkueora, kkwora	꾸어 kkueo	꾸어요, 꿔요 kkueoyo, kkwoyo	꿉시오 kkupsio
Assertive		꾸겠다 kkugetda	꾸겠어 kkugesseo	꾸겠어요 kkugesseoyo	꾸겠습니다 kkugetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		꾸어 kkueo	꾸어서, 꿔서 kkueoseo, kkwoseo	꾸니 kkuni	꾸니까 kkunikka
Contrast		꾸지만 kkujiman	꾸는데 kkuneunde	꾸더니 kkudeoni
Conjunction		꾸고 kkugo
Condition		꾸면 kkumyeon	꾸어야, 꿔야 kkueoya, kkwoya
Motive		꾸려고 kkuryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		꿈 kkum	꾸기 kkugi
Past-tense verbal nouns		꾸었음, 꿨음 kkueosseum, kkwosseum	꾸었기, 꿨기 kkueotgi, kkwotgi
Determiners	Past	꾼 kkun
	Present	꾸는 kkuneun
	Future	꿀 kkul

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	꾸신다 kkusinda	꾸셔 kkusyeo	꾸세요, 꾸셔요 kkuseyo, kkusyeoyo	꾸십니다 kkusimnida
	Past	꾸셨다 kkusyeotda	꾸셨어 kkusyeosseo	꾸셨어요 kkusyeosseoyo	꾸셨습니다 kkusyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	꾸시느냐 kkusineunya	꾸셔 kkusyeo	꾸세요, 꾸셔요 kkuseyo, kkusyeoyo	꾸십니까 kkusimnikka
	Past	꾸셨느냐 kkusyeonneunya	꾸셨어 kkusyeosseo	꾸셨어요 kkusyeosseoyo	꾸셨습니까 kkusyeotseumnikka
Imperative		꾸시라 kkusira	꾸셔 kkusyeo	꾸세요 kkuseyo	꾸십시오 kkusipsio
Assertive		꾸시겠다 kkusigetda	꾸시겠어 kkusigesseo	꾸시겠어요 kkusigesseoyo	꾸시겠습니다 kkusigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		꾸셔 kkusyeo	꾸셔서 kkusyeoseo	꾸시니 kkusini	꾸시니까 kkusinikka
Contrast		꾸시지만 kkusijiman	꾸시는데 kkusineunde	꾸시더니 kkusideoni
Conjunction		꾸시고 kkusigo
Condition		꾸시면 kkusimyeon	꾸셔야 kkusyeoya
Motive		꾸시려고 kkusiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		꾸심 kkusim	꾸시기 kkusigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		꾸셨음 kkusyeosseum	꾸셨기 kkusyeotgi
Determiners	Past	꾸신 kkusin
	Present	꾸시는 kkusineun
	Future	꾸실 kkusil