Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wéh₁itis: difference between revisions
m JohnC5 moved page Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/wéytis to Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/wéh₁itis without leaving a redirect |
→Proto-Indo-European: U-u-u-upgrade! |
||
Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
===Etymology=== |
===Etymology=== |
||
From {{suffix|*weh₁i-|*tis|t1=to twine, wind|pos=noun|lang=ine-pro}}. The reconstruction the underlying root is heavily debated. Beekes, De Vaan, and Derksen all reconstruct {{m|ine-pro||*weh₁i-}}, each using the oblique, zero-grade stem ({{m|ine-pro||*uh₁i-ti-}}) as the etymon for the Hellenic, Italic, and Balto-Slavic branches respectively. Fortson agrees that the oblique, zero-grade stems of many nouns in {{m|ine-pro|*-tis}} and {{m|ine-pro|*-tus}} were generalized in Indo-Aryan, Hellenic, and many other branches. Other examples include: |
|||
{{suffix|*wey-|*tis|t1=to twine, wind|pos=noun|lang=ine-pro}} |
|||
* {{m|ine-pro|*bʰértis}} > {{m|ine-pro||*bʰŕ̥tis}} → Old Armenian {{m|xcl|բարդ}}, Celtic {{m|cel-pro|*britis}} (Old Irish {{m|sga|brith}}, Middle Welsh {{m|wlm|bryd}}), Germanic {{m|gem-pro|*gaburþiz}}, Italic {{m|itc-pro|*forts}} (Latin {{m|la|fors}}), Sanskrit {{m|sa|भृति|tr=bhr̥tí}} |
|||
* {{m|ine-pro|*pértus}} > {{m|ine-pro||*pŕ̥tus}} → Celtic {{m|cel-pro|*ɸritus}} (Brythonic {{l|cel-bry-pro|*rïd}}), Germanic {{m|gem-pro|*furduz}}, Iranian {{m|iir-pro|*pr̥tu-}} (Avestan {{l|ae|𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬎}}), Italic {{m|itc-pro|*portus}} |
|||
Matasović instead reconstructs {{m|ine-pro||*weyh₁-}}, pointing out that, in Celtic, a laryngeal is lost after the diphthong -''ey''- and before a consonant (/eyHC/ → /eyC/) and also that -''ey''- regular becomes -''ē''-. However, given the evidence of other Celtic nouns derived from {{m|ine-pro|*-tis}} and {{m|ine-pro|*-tus}} ({{m|ine-pro|*bʰértis}} > {{m|cel-pro|*britis}}, {{m|ine-pro|*ǵéwstus}} > {{m|cel-pro|*gustus}}, {{m|ine-pro|*pértus}} > {{m|cel-pro|*ɸritus}}), Celtic also appears to favor the zero-grade for these nouns, making the reconstruction {{m|ine-pro||*wéyh₁tis}} untenable. It is unclear whether {{m|ine-pro||*uh₁ítis}} regularly gives Celtic {{m|cel-pro|*wētis}}, but the {{m|ine-pro||*wih₁-}}, the zero-grade of {{m|ine-pro||*weyh₁-}}, certainly also would not. |
|||
the LIV in turn reconstructs {{m|ine-pro||*wyeh₁-}} for the verbs meaning “to wrap, to twine” (Latin {{m|la|vieō}}, Sanskrit {{l|sa|व्ययति|tr=vyáyati}}, Slavic {{m|sla-pro|*viti}}); though De Vaan rejects this.<ref name="Beekes">{{R:grc:Beekes|head=ἴτυς|page=605|volume=I}}</ref><ref name="D2008">{{R:Derksen 2008|522|523|head=*vitь}}</ref><ref name="D2015">{{R:Derksen 2015|508|head=vytis}}</ref><ref>“§6.42. ''i''- and ''u''- stems” in Benjamin W. Fortson ('''2009''') ''Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction'', Oxford (ISBN 1444359681), pages 112-113.</ref><ref name="Matasovic">{{R:cel:Matasovic 2009|head=*wēti-|418}}</ref><ref>{{R:ine:LIV|695|head=*u̯i̯eh₁-}}</ref><ref>{{R:De Vaan 2008|head=vieō|pages=677}}</ref><ref name="De Vaan">{{R:De Vaan 2008|head=vītis|pages=683-684}}</ref> |
|||
===Noun=== |
===Noun=== |
||
{{ine-noun|f|* |
{{ine-noun|f|*uh₁itéy-}} |
||
# that which twines or bends |
# that which twines or bends |
||
Line 15: | Line 21: | ||
Proterokinetic inflection. |
Proterokinetic inflection. |
||
{{ine-decl-noun |
{{ine-decl-noun |
||
| * |
| *wéh₁itis | *wéh₁itih₁ | *wéh₁iteyes |
||
| * |
| *wéh₁iti | *wéh₁itih₁ | *wéh₁iteyes |
||
| * |
| *wéh₁itim | *wéh₁itih₁ | *wéh₁itins |
||
| * |
| *uh₁itíh₁ | ? | *uh₁itíbʰi |
||
| * |
| *uh₁itéyey | ? | *uh₁itímos |
||
| * |
| *uh₁itéys | ? | *uh₁itímos |
||
| * |
| *uh₁itéys | ? | *uh₁itéyoHom |
||
| * |
| *uh₁itéy / uh₁itḗy | ? | *uh₁itísu |
||
}} |
}} |
||
====Related terms==== |
|||
* {{m|ine-pro|*wéh₁itus}}<ref name="Beekes"/> |
|||
⚫ | |||
*** Baltic: |
|||
**** Old Prussian: {{l|prg|witwan}}<ref>{{R:prg:Mažiulis}}</ref> |
|||
*** Slavic: |
|||
**** Old Church Slavonic: {{l|cu|вѣтвь}} |
|||
***** Russian: {{l|ru|ветвь}}, {{l|ru|ві́твіна}} |
|||
** Hellenic: {{l|grk-pro|*wítus}} |
|||
*** Ancient Greek: {{l|grc|ἴτῠς}} |
|||
**** Aeolic Greek: {{l|grc|ϝῐ́τῠς}} |
|||
====Descendants==== |
====Descendants==== |
||
(From generalized zero-grade {{m|ine-pro||*uh₁ítis}}) |
|||
⚫ | |||
* Balto-Slavic: {{l|ine-bsl-pro|*wʔitis}}<ref name="D2008"/><ref name="D2015"/> |
|||
** Baltic: |
** Baltic: |
||
*** Lithuanian: {{l|lt|výtis}} |
*** Lithuanian: {{l|lt|výtis}}, {{l|lt|vytìs}}<ref name="D2015"/> |
||
** Slavic: {{l|sla-pro|* |
** Slavic: {{l|sla-pro|*vitь}}<ref name="D2008"/> |
||
*** East Slavic: |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
** Brittonic: {{qualifier|perhaps, or from Latin {{m|la|vitta}}}} <ref>Falileyev, A. (2000). Etymological Glossary of Old Welsh (Vol. 18). Walter de Gruyter.</ref> |
|||
*** West Slavic: |
|||
⚫ | |||
*** |
**** Slovincian: {{l|zlw-slv|vjic|vjĩc}} |
||
*** South Slavic: |
|||
⚫ | |||
**** Serbo-Croatian: |
|||
⚫ | |||
**** |
***** Cyrillic: {{l|sh|па̏вит|sc=Cyrl|tr=pȁvit}} |
||
***** |
***** Latin: {{l|sh|sc=Latn|pȁvit}} |
||
**** Slovene: {{l|sl|vȋt}} |
|||
⚫ | |||
** Brittonic: |
|||
⚫ | |||
**** Breton: {{l|br|gwedenn}} |
|||
⚫ | |||
**** Middle Cornish: {{l|cnx|gusen}} |
|||
*** Middle Welsh: {{l|wlm|gwyden}}, {{m|wlm|gwden}} |
|||
** Goidelic: |
** Goidelic: |
||
*** |
*** Middle Irish: {{l|mga|féith}} |
||
**** Irish: {{l|ga|féith}} |
**** Irish: {{l|ga|féith}} |
||
* Germanic: {{l|gem-pro|*wiþiz}} |
* Germanic: {{l|gem-pro|*wiþiz}} (< generalized zero-grade {{m|ine-pro||*uh₁i-ti-}}) |
||
* Italic: {{l|itc-pro|*wītis}} |
* Italic: {{l|itc-pro|*wītis}} (< generalized zero-grade {{m|ine-pro||*uh₁i-ti-}})<ref name="De Vaan"/> |
||
** Latin: {{l|la|vītis}} |
** Latin: {{l|la|vītis}} |
||
Revision as of 02:08, 27 July 2015
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From Lua error in Module:affix/templates at line 38: The |lang= parameter is not used by this template. Place the language code in parameter 1 instead.. The reconstruction the underlying root is heavily debated. Beekes, De Vaan, and Derksen all reconstruct *weh₁i-, each using the oblique, zero-grade stem (*uh₁i-ti-) as the etymon for the Hellenic, Italic, and Balto-Slavic branches respectively. Fortson agrees that the oblique, zero-grade stems of many nouns in *-tis and *-tus were generalized in Indo-Aryan, Hellenic, and many other branches. Other examples include:
- *bʰértis > *bʰŕ̥tis → Old Armenian բարդ (bard), Celtic *britis (Old Irish brith, Middle Welsh bryd), Germanic *gaburþiz, Italic *forts (Latin fors), Sanskrit भृति (bhr̥tí)
- *pértus > *pŕ̥tus → Celtic *ɸritus (Brythonic *rïd), Germanic *furduz, Iranian *pr̥tu- (Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬎 (pərətu)), Italic *portus
Matasović instead reconstructs *weyh₁-, pointing out that, in Celtic, a laryngeal is lost after the diphthong -ey- and before a consonant (/eyHC/ → /eyC/) and also that -ey- regular becomes -ē-. However, given the evidence of other Celtic nouns derived from *-tis and *-tus (*bʰértis > *britis, *ǵéwstus > *gustus, *pértus > *ɸritus), Celtic also appears to favor the zero-grade for these nouns, making the reconstruction *wéyh₁tis untenable. It is unclear whether *uh₁ítis regularly gives Celtic *wētis, but the *wih₁-, the zero-grade of *weyh₁-, certainly also would not.
the LIV in turn reconstructs *wyeh₁- for the verbs meaning “to wrap, to twine” (Latin vieō, Sanskrit व्ययति (vyáyati), Slavic *viti); though De Vaan rejects this.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Noun
*wéh₁itis f (oblique stem *uh₁itéy-)
- that which twines or bends
- branch, switch
Declension
Proterokinetic inflection.
Inflection of *wéh₁itis | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | |
Nominative | *wéh₁itis | *wéh₁itih₁ | *wéh₁iteyes |
Vocative | *wéh₁iti | *wéh₁itih₁ | *wéh₁iteyes |
Accusative | *wéh₁itim | *wéh₁itih₁ | *wéh₁itins |
Instrumental | *uh₁itíh₁ | ? | *uh₁itíbʰi |
Dative | *uh₁itéyey | ? | *uh₁itímos |
Ablative | *uh₁itéys | ? | *uh₁itímos |
Genitive | *uh₁itéys | ? | *uh₁itéyoHom |
Locative | *uh₁itéy / uh₁itḗy | ? | *uh₁itísu |
Related terms
Descendants
(From generalized zero-grade *uh₁ítis)
- Balto-Slavic: *wʔitis[2][3]
- Celtic: *wētis[5]
- Germanic: *wiþiz (< generalized zero-grade *uh₁i-ti-)
- Italic: *wītis (< generalized zero-grade *uh₁i-ti-)[8]
- Latin: vītis
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἴτυς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 605
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Derksen, Rick (2008) “523”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 522
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Derksen, Rick (2015) “vytis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 508
- ^ “§6.42. i- and u- stems” in Benjamin W. Fortson (2009) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford (ISBN 1444359681), pages 112-113.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wēti-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 418
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯i̯eh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vieō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 677
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vītis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 683-684
- ^ Mažiulis, Vytautas (1988–1997) “Proto-Indo-European/wéh₁itis”, in Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological dictionary of Old Prussian][1] (in Lithuanian), Vilnius