Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/ćapʰás

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱoph₂ós. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *hōfaz.

Noun

*ćapʰás m

1. hoof (of an animal)

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ćapʰás	*ćapʰā́	*ćapʰā́, -ā́s(as)
vocative	*ćapʰa	*ćapʰā́	*ćapʰā́, -ā́s(as)
accusative	*ćapʰám	*ćapʰā́	*ćapʰā́ns
instrumental	*ćapʰā́	*ćapʰáybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*ćapʰā́yš
ablative	*ćapʰā́t	*ćapʰáybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*ćapʰáybʰyas
dative	*ćapʰā́y	*ćapʰáybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*ćapʰáybʰyas
genitive	*ćapʰásya	*ćapʰáyās	*ćapʰā́na(H)m
locative	*ćapʰáy	*ćapʰáyaw	*ćapʰáyšu

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śapʰás
  • Sanskrit: शफ (śaphá)
• Proto-Iranian: *ćafáh
  • Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬟𐬀 (safa)
  • Middle Persian: [script needed] (swmb' /⁠sumb⁠/)
    • Persian: سم (som)
  • Ossetian: сӕфтӕг (sæftæg)
  • → Old Armenian: սմբակ (smbak)
  • → Arabic: سُنْبُك (sunbuk), سُنْبَك (sunbak)

Further reading

• Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979) “սմբակ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, page 233b
• Horn, Paul (1893) Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie (in German), Strasbourg: K.J. Trübner, § 745, page 164