Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yókʷr̥: difference between revisions
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====Derived terms==== |
====Derived terms==== |
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* {{l|ine-pro||*ikʷr-éh₂}}<ref name="NIL" /> |
* {{l|ine-pro||*ikʷr-éh₂}}<ref name="NIL" /> |
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** {{desc|ine-bsl-pro|*ikrā́ˀ|t=roe |
** {{desc|ine-bsl-pro|*ikrā́ˀ|t=[[roe]]; {{l|en|calf|id=anatomy}}|alts=1}}<ref>{{R:sla:EDSIL|head=jьkrà, ; jьkro}}</ref><ref>{{R:bat:EDBIL|head=ikras}}</ref> {{see desc}} |
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* {{l|ine-pro||*yokʷn-éh₂, *yekʷn-éh₂}}<ref name="NIL" /> |
* {{l|ine-pro||*yokʷn-éh₂, *yekʷn-éh₂}}<ref name="NIL" /> |
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** {{desc| |
** {{desc|iir-pro}} |
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*** {{desc| |
*** {{desc|ira-pro}} |
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**** {{desc|ps|ینه|tr=yә́na|یېنه|tr2=yéna|اینه|tr3=īna|unc=1|qq=or from {{m+|iir-pro|*yákr̥}}}}<ref>{{R:ps:NEVP|page=100}}</ref> |
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** {{desc|ine-bsl-pro|*jaknā́ˀ|t=liver}} |
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*** {{desc|ltg|oknys|g=p}} |
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*** {{desc|lv|aknas|g=p}} |
*** {{desc|lv|aknas|g=p}} |
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*** {{desc|lt|jẽknos|g=p}} |
*** {{desc|lt|jẽknos|g=p}} |
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* {{desc|cel-pro|*ikʷūr}} (< {{m|ine-pro||*yékʷōr|pos=collective}})<ref name="NIL" /> |
* {{desc|cel-pro|*ikʷūr}} (< {{m|ine-pro||*yékʷōr|pos=collective}})<ref name="NIL" /> |
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** {{desc|mga|iuchair|t=roe}} |
** {{desc|mga|iuchair|t=roe}} |
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* {{desc|grk-pro|alt=*yékʷər ~ * |
* {{desc|grk-pro|alt=*yékʷər ~ *yékʷənos}}<ref name="NIL" /> |
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** {{desc|grc|ἧπαρ}} {{see desc}} |
** {{desc|grc|ἧπαρ}} {{see desc}} |
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* {{desc|iir-pro|*yákr̥ |
* {{desc|iir-pro|*yákr̥|alt=*yákr̥ ~ *yaknás}}<ref>{{R:inc:IAIL|page=609-10|head=Sanskrit: jákr-/jakn-}}</ref> {{see desc}} |
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* {{desc|itc-pro|alt=*jekʷor ~ *jekʷenos}}<ref>{{R:itc:EDL|iecur|296|PIt. *jekʷor [n.], *jekʷen-}}</ref> |
* {{desc|itc-pro|alt=*jekʷor ~ *jekʷenos}}<ref>{{R:itc:EDL|iecur|296|PIt. *jekʷor [n.], *jekʷen-}}</ref> |
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** {{desc|la|iecur|iocur}} {{see desc}} |
** {{desc|la|iecur|iocur}} {{see desc}} |
Revision as of 22:47, 4 February 2024
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *(H)yekʷ- + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).
Noun
*yókʷr̥ n
Inflection
Older acrostatic pattern:
Athematic, acrostatic | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
singular | collective | |||
nominative | *yókʷr̥ | *yékʷōr | ||
genitive | *yékʷn̥s | *ikʷnés | ||
singular | dual | plural | collective | |
nominative | *yókʷr̥ | — | — | *yékʷōr |
vocative | *yókʷr̥ | — | — | *yékʷōr |
accusative | *yókʷr̥ | — | — | *yékʷōr |
genitive | *yékʷn̥s | — | — | *ikʷnés |
ablative | *yékʷn̥s | — | — | *ikʷnés |
dative | *yékʷney | — | — | *ikʷnéy |
locative | *yékʷn̥, *yékʷni | — | — | *ikʷén, *ikʷéni |
instrumental | *yékʷn̥h₁ | — | — | *ikʷnéh₁ |
Later proterokinetic pattern:
Athematic, proterokinetic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *yékʷr̥ | ||
genitive | *ikʷéns | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *yékʷr̥ | *yékʷrih₁ | *yékʷr̥h₂ |
vocative | *yékʷr̥ | *yékʷrih₁ | *yékʷr̥h₂ |
accusative | *yékʷr̥ | *yékʷrih₁ | *yékʷr̥h₂ |
genitive | *ikʷéns | *? | *ikʷénoHom |
ablative | *ikʷéns | *? | *ikʷénmos |
dative | *ikʷéney | *? | *ikʷénmos |
locative | *ikʷén, *ikʷéni | *? | *ikʷénsu |
instrumental | *ikʷénh₁ | *? | *ikʷénmis |
Reconstruction notes
The reconstruction and its inflection are highly uncertain. A dozen alternative proposals are listed in NIL.[1] Only a few are given below.
Alternative reconstructions
- *yékʷ-r̥ ~ *ikʷ-n-és ~ *yokʷ-én(-i)[2]
- *yékʷ-r̥ ~ ikʷ-én-s[3]
- *Hyḗkʷ-r̥ ~ *Hyékʷ-n̥-s[4]
- *yékʷ-r̥ ~ *yokʷ-én-s[5]
Derived terms
Descendants
- Proto-Anatolian: *yékʷr̥ ~ *ikʷanós
- Luwian: [script needed] (ikkwar /ik-ku-wa-a[r]/)[9]
- Proto-Armenian:
- Proto-Celtic: *ikʷūr (< *yékʷōr (collective))[1]
- Middle Irish: iuchair (“roe”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *yékʷər ~ *yékʷənos[1]
- Ancient Greek: ἧπαρ (hêpar) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yákr̥ ~ *yaknás[11] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *jekʷor ~ *jekʷenos[12]
- Proto-Tocharian: *yäkʷär[13]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 392-94
- ^ Rix, Helmut (1965) “Lat. iecur, iocineris”, in Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft [Munich Studies in Linguistics], volume 18, pages 79–92
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 13 and 45
- ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2014) “The Proto-Indo-European Acrostatic Inflection Reconsidered”, in Norbert Oettinger & Thomas Steer, editors, Das Nomen im Indogermanischen, Wiesbade: Reichert Verlag, pages 140–163
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “jьkrà, ; jьkro”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “ikras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
- ^ Morgenstierne, Georg (2003) Elfenbein, J., MacKenzie, D. N., Sims-Williams, Nicholas, editors, A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 100
- ^ Lua error in Module:quote at line 897: |date= should contain a full date (year, month, day of month); use |year= for year
- ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “leard”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill
- ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “Sanskrit: jákr-/jakn-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 609-10
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “iecur”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 296: “PIt. *jekʷor [n.], *jekʷen-”
- ^ Itkin, Ilya B. (2022) “On Tocharian A cognates of the Tocharian B words meaning ‘spleen’ and ‘liver’”, in Journal of Language Relationship, volume 20, number 3, pages 177–180
Categories:
- Proto-Indo-European terms belonging to the root *Hyekʷ-
- Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-r̥
- Proto-Indo-European lemmas
- Proto-Indo-European nouns
- Proto-Indo-European neuter nouns
- ine-pro:Organs
- Proto-Indo-European acrostatic neuter r/n-stem nouns
- Proto-Indo-European proterokinetic neuter r/n-stem nouns