Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yāĺ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology 1

Cognate to Proto-Mongolic *na-sun (“age”) through inheritance or borrowing, itself perhaps from earlier *nal-sun. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*yāĺ

1. age; year

Declension

Declension of *yāĺ

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*yāĺ
Accusative	*yāĺïg, *yāĺnï1)
Genitive	*yāĺnïŋ
Dative	*yāĺka
Locative	*yāĺta
Ablative	*yāĺtan
Allative	*yāĺgaru
Instrumental 2)	*yāĺïn
Equative 2)	*yāĺča
Similative 2)	*yāĺlayu
Comitative 2)	*yāĺlïgu

¹⁾ Originally only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.

Derived terms

• *yāĺ-a- (“to live”)
• *yāĺ-lïg (“aged; old”)

Descendants

• Oghur
  • Bulgar: جال (cāl)
    • Chuvash: ҫул (śul)
• Common Turkic: *yāš

• Arghu
  • Khalaj: [script needed] (yāš)
• Oghuz
  • Azerbaijani: yaş
  • Ottoman Turkish: یاش (yaş)
    • Gagauz: yaş
    • Turkish: yaş
  • Salar: [script needed] (yaš)
  • Turkmen: ýāş
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: يَشْ (yaš)
    • Chagatai: یاش (yaš)
      • Uzbek: yosh
      • Uyghur: ياش (yash)
• Kipchak
  • Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (yaš)
  • Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)
  • Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yaš)
  • West Kipchak
    • Crimean Tatar: yaş
    • Karachay-Balkar: жаш (jaş)
    • Kumyk: яш (yaş)
  • North Kipchak
    • Bashkir: йәш (yəş)
    • Tatar: яшь (yaş’)
  • South Kipchak
    • Caspian
      • Kazakh: жас (jas)
      • Karakalpak: jas
      • Nogai яс (yas)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak
      • Kyrgyz: жаш (jaş)
      • Southern Altai: јаш (ǰaš)
• Siberian
  • Old Turkic: 𐰖𐱁 (yaš)
    • Old Uyghur: yʾš (yaš)
  • North Siberian
    • Yakut: саас (saas)
  • South Siberian
    • Western Yugur: [script needed] (yas)
    • Yenisei Turkic
      • Khakas: час (ças)
      • Shor: чаш

Etymology 2

Relation to above etymology is unclear.

EDAL separates the senses young and fresh by etymology, and compares them to Proto-Mongolic *jala-xu (“young”) and *nïla-xun (“raw”) respectively.

Nugteren also mentions *nïlka (“baby”) as a potential cognate.

Adjective

*yāĺ

1. young, fresh, green, raw, moist

Noun

*yāĺ

1. vegetable

Derived terms

• *yāĺ-ïl (“green”)
• *yāĺ-ar- (“to become green”)
• *yāĺ-la- (“to graze”)

Descendants

• Arghu
  • Khalaj: [script needed] (yāš)
• Oghuz
  • Azerbaijani: yaş
  • Ottoman Turkish: یاش (yaş)
    • Gagauz: yaş
    • Turkish: yaş
  • Turkmen: ýāş
  • Salar: [script needed] (yaš)
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: ياشْ (yāš)
    • Chagatai: [script needed] (yaš)
      • Uzbek: yosh
      • Uyghur: ياش (yash)
• Kipchak
  • Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (yaš)
  • Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)
  • Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)
  • West Kipchak
    • Crimean Tatar: yaş
    • Karachay-Balkar: жаш (jaş)
    • Kumyk: яш (yaş)
  • North Kipchak
    • Bashkir: йәш (yəş)
    • Tatar: яшь (yaş’)
  • South Kipchak
    • Caspian
      • Kazakh: жас (jas)
      • Karakalpak: jas
      • Nogai яс (yas)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak
      • Kyrgyz: жаш (jaş)
      • Southern Altai: јаш (ǰaš)
• Siberian
  • Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰀𐰽 (yāš) (Irk Bitig)
    • Old Uyghur: yʾš (yaš)
  • South Siberian
    • Western Yugur: [script needed] (yas)
    • Sayan Turkic
      • Tuvan: чаш (çaş)
    • Yenisei Turkic
      • Khakas: час (ças)

Etymology 3

Very likely in some way related to Proto-Mongolic *nïlbu-sun (“tear”), however EDAL connects it to Proto-Mongolic *ni-dün (“eye”).

Noun

*yāĺ

1. tear

Derived terms

• *yāĺ-lïg (“tearful, filled with tears”)
• *yāĺ-ar- (“to become tearful”)

Descendants

• Oghur
  • Chuvash: куҫ-ҫуль (kuś-śulʹ, literally “eye-tear”)
• Common Turkic: *yāš

• Arghu
  • Khalaj: [script needed] (yāš)
• Oghuz
  • Azerbaijani: yaş
  • Ottoman Turkish: یاش (yaş)
    • Gagauz: yaş
    • Turkish: yaş
  • Turkmen: ýāş
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: ياشْ (yāš)
    • Chagatai: ياش (yaš)
      • Uzbek: yosh
      • Uyghur: ياش (yash)
• Kipchak
• Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (yaš)
  • Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)
  • Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)
  • North Kipchak
    • Bashkir: йәш (yəş)
    • Tatar: яшь (yaş’)
  • South Kipchak
    • Caspian
      • Kazakh: жас (jas)
      • Karakalpak: jas
      • Nogai яс (yas)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak
      • Kyrgyz: жаш (jaş)
      • Southern Altai: јаш (ǰaš)
• Siberian
  • Old Turkic: 𐰖𐱁 (yaš)
    • Old Uyghur: yʾš (yaš)
  • South Siberian
    • Western Yugur: [script needed] (yas)
    • Sayan Turkic
      • Tuvan: чаш (çaş)
    • Yenisei Turkic
      • Khakas: час (ças)

Further reading

• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*nàjĺV”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*ńi̯ṓĺe”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*ńā́ĺba”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*ni̯ā̀”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “ya:ş”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 975
• Sevortjan, E. V., Levitskaja, L. S. (1989) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, page 161
• Doerfer, Gerhard (1975) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 21)‎^[1] (in German), volume 4, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, page 97
• Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 192
• Tenišev E. R., editor (2001), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: Leksika [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages: Lexis] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, page 685