hibernum

Latin

Alternative forms

• hybernum (Medieval Latin)

Etymology

Ellipsis of hībernum tempus, literally 'wintry time'. Eventually came to replace hiems (“winter”) in the development from Latin to Romance.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /hiːˈber.num/, [hiːˈbɛrnʊ̃ˑ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /iˈber.num/, [iˈbɛrnum]

Noun

hībernum n (genitive hībernī); second declension

1. winter

   Synonym: hiems

2. (in the plural) winter quarters

Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	hībernum	hīberna
Genitive	hībernī	hībernōrum
Dative	hībernō	hībernīs
Accusative	hībernum	hīberna
Ablative	hībernō	hībernīs
Vocative	hībernum	hīberna

Adjective

(deprecated template usage) hībernum

1. inflection of hībernus:
   1. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular
   2. accusative masculine singular

Related terms

• hībernāculum
• hībernālis
• hībernō
• hībernus

Descendants

• Eastern Romance:
  • Aromanian: earnã, iarã
  • Romanian: iarnă
• Old Occitan: ivern
  • Catalan: hivern
  • Occitan: ivèrn
• Old French: hyvier, yver, iver
  • Middle French: hyver
    • French: hiver
    • Norman: hivé
  • Walloon: ivier
• Sardinian:
  • Campidanese: ierru
  • Logudorese: jerru, ierru
  • Nuorese: iberru, ivverru
• West Iberian:
  • Old Leonese:
    • Asturian: iviernu, hibiernu
    • Leonese: hibiernu
  • Old Spanish: yvierno
• Vulgar Latin: *invernum
  • Gallo-Italic:
    • Piedmontese: invern
  • Italo-Dalmatian:
    • Dalmatian: inviarno
    • Italian: inverno
    • Sicilian: nvèrnu
  • Rhaeto-Romance:
    • Friulian: unviêr
    • Romansch: enviern
  • Venetian: inverno
  • West Iberian:
    • Old Galician-Portuguese: inverno
      • Galician: inverno
      • Portuguese: inverno
    • Old Spanish: ynvierno
      • Spanish: invierno

References

• hibernum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • (ambiguous) in spring, summer, autumn, winter time: verno, aestivo, auctumnali, hiberno tempore
    
  • (ambiguous) winter-quarters, summer-quarters: castra hiberna, aestiva
    
  • (ambiguous) to take the troops to their winter-quarters: milites in hibernis collocare, in hiberna deducere
    
• Adams, James Noel. 1976. The text and language of a Vulgar Latin chronicle (Anonymous Valesianus II). London: Institute of Classical Studies. Page 83.