Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gel-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*gel-

1. to be cold, to freeze

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gel-‎ (32 c, 0 e)

• *gol- (o-grade root present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *kalaną (“to be cold”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gol-tó-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *kaldaz (“cold”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gol-i-
  • Proto-Germanic: *kaliz (see there for further descendants)
• *gel-u-
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: gelus m, gelū n (“frost”), gelidus (“icy, frosty”) (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Baltic:
      • Lithuanian: gelumà
      • →? Proto-Finno-Permic: *külmä
        • Proto-Finnic: *külmä (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Permic: *kɨn
          • Komi-Permyak: кын (kyn)
          • Udmurt: кын (kyn)
        • Proto-Samic: *këlmētēk (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Slavic: *golotь
      • Old Church Slavonic: голоть (golotĭ)
    • >? Proto-Slavic: *xȏldъ
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • Sanskrit: जल (jala), Sanskrit: जड (jaḍa)
  • Proto-Germanic: *kaldaz
    • Dutch: koude
    • English: cold
    • German: kalt