Appendix:Tuvan pronunciation
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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) should represent Tuvan pronunciations.
Vowels[edit]
| IPA | Phoneme | Example | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /a/[1] | акша | [aqˈʃa] | 'money' | |
| /aː/ | аарыг | [ˌaːˈrɯʁ] | 'ill' | |
| /ɛ/ | эртен | [ɛrˈtɛn] | 'morning' | |
| /ɛː/ | бээр | [pɛːr] | 'give' | |
| /ɪ/ | ижер | [ɪˈʒɛr] | 'to drink' | |
| /ɪː/ | диис | [tɪːs] | 'cat' | |
| /ɔ/ | болур | [pɔˈɫʊr] | 'to be' | |
| /ɔː/ | ооң | [ɔːŋ] | 'his' | |
| /ʊ/ | куш | [kʊʃ] | 'bird' | |
| /ʊː/ | номчуур | [nɔmˈd͡ʒʊːr] | 'to read' | |
| /ø/ | бөгүн | [pøˈɣʏn] | 'today' | |
| /øː/ | көөр | [køːr] | 'to see' | |
| /ʏ/ | күш | [kʏʃ] | 'strength' | |
| /ʏː/ | үстүү | [ʏsˈtʏː] | 'upper' | |
| /ɯ/ | адым | [aˈdɯm] | 'my name' | |
| /ɯː/ | чалбарыыр | [t͡ʃaɫ.baˈrɯːr] | 'to pray' | |
Consonants[edit]
| IPA | Phoneme | Example | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /b/[2] | бөмбүк | [pømˈbʏk] | 'ball' | |
| /β/ | Тыва | [tʰɯˈβa] | 'Tuva' | |
| /d/ | өөредир | [ˌøː.rɛˈdɪr] | 'to teach' | |
| /d͡ʒ/[3] | кончуг | [qɔnˈd͡ʒʊʁ] | 'very' | |
| /ɡ/[4] | мөңгүн | [møŋˈgʏn] | 'silver' | |
| /ɢ/ | чаңгыс | [t͡ʃaŋˈɢɯs] | 'alone' | |
| /ɣ/[5] | өг[6] | [øɣ] | 'yurt' | |
| /j/ | аймак | [ajˈmaq] | 'tribe' | |
| /ʒ/ | ажыл | [aˈʒɯɫ] | 'job' | |
| /k/[7] | кирер | [кɪˈrɛr] | 'to enter' | |
| /l/ | алыр | [aˈɫɯr] | 'to take' | |
| /m/ | мал | [maɫ] | 'cattle' | |
| /n/ | сен | [sɛn] | 'you' | |
| /ŋ/ | мээң | [mɛːŋ] | 'my' | |
| /p/ | апаар | [aˈpaːr] | 'to become' | |
| /pʰ/[8] | пага | [pʰaˈʁa] | 'frog' | |
| /q/ | карак | [qaˈraq] | 'eye' | |
| /r/ | бар | [par] | 'there is' | |
| /ʁ/ | агаар | [aˈʁaːr] | 'air' | |
| /s/ | суг | [sʊʁ] | 'water' | |
| /ʃ/ | болгаш | [pɔɫˈɢaʃ] | 'and' | |
| /t/ | даарта[9] | [taːrˈta] | 'tomorrow' | |
| /t͡ʃ/ | чараш | [t͡ʃaˈraʃ] | 'beautiful' | |
| /tʰ/[8] | тараа | [tʰaˈraː] | 'wheat' | |
| /w/[10] | хову | [χɔˈwʊ] | 'steppe' | |
| /x/[11] | хем | [xɛm] | 'river' | |
| /χ/ | χоорай | [χɔːˈraj] | 'city' | |
| /z/ | изиг | [ɪˈzɪɣ] | 'warm' | |
Accents[edit]
| IPA | Accent | Example | Explanation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /ă/, /à/ | ъ | аът | [ăt] | 'horse' | Indicates low-to-high variation of pitch on a vowel. |
Stress[edit]
- Stress usually falls on the last syllable of a word, with some exceptions:
- When the word has an allative suffix (-че, -же), it will always fall on the syllable before it (e.g. Тываже [tʰɯˈβa.ʒɛ])
- When the word has a negative suffix (-па, -ба, etc.), stress will always fall on the suffix (e.g. кылбадым [qɯɫˈba.dɯm])
Notes[edit]
- ^ Central.
- ^ Allophone of [β] when not preceded by a nasal consonant.
- ^ Allophone of [tʃ] after nasal and lateral consonants.
- ^ Retracted to [ɢ] in back-vocalic contexts.
- ^ Retracted to [ʁ] in back-vocalic contexts.
- ^ г is pronounced as a fricative between vowels and at the end of syllables (e.g. агаар [aˈʁaːɾ], суг [sʊʁ], өгбе [øɣˈbe̞]).
- ^ Retracted to [q] in back-vocalic contexts.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 In most cases, п and т are aspirated when at the beginning of words (e.g. пага [pʰaˈʁa], Тыва [tʰɯˈβa]).
- ^ At the beginning of words, б and д are pronounced almost voicelessly (e.g. бурган [pʊrˈɢan], довурак [tɔ.wʊˈraq]).
- ^ Allophone of [β] in rounded vowel contexts when it is not preceded by a nasal consonant.
- ^ Retracted to [χ] in back-vocalic contexts.
References[edit]
- Tuvan language on Wikipedia (in Tuvan)
- Vowels in the Tuvan language on Wikipedia (in Tuvan)
- Consonants in the Tuvan language on Wikipedia (in Tuvan)
- The two labial consonants in the Tuvan language on Wikipedia (in Tuvan)
- Phonology and Morphology of Tuvan