Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ndz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *-onts.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈndz/

Suffix

*-ndz m

1. -ing one, -er. Forms agent nouns from verbs. Identical in form and meaning to the present participle.

Inflection

consonant stemDeclension of *-ndz (consonant stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*-ndz	*-ndiz
vocative	*-nd	*-ndiz
accusative	*-ndų	*-ndunz
genitive	*-ndiz	*-ndǫ̂
dative	*-ndi	*-ndumaz
instrumental	*-ndē	*-ndumiz

Synonyms

• *-ārijaz
• *-jô

Derived terms

Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-ndz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *-andī (participle ending)
  • Old English: -ande, -ende
    • Middle English: -ende, -and, -inde, -inge
      • English: -and, -ant, -ing
      • Scots: -and, -in
  • Old High German: -endi, -enti, -anti
    • Middle High German: -end
      • German: -end
• Proto-West Germanic: *-andi (agent noun)
  • Old English: -end, -and
    • Middle English: -and, -end, -ant, -nd
      • English: -and
      • Scots: -an
  • Old Saxon: -und, -and, -ond
    • Middle Low German: -end, -ant, -ent
      • German Low German: -end
  • Old High German: -nt, -unt, -ant
    • Middle High German: -nt, -ant, -ent
      • German: -end
• Proto-Norse:
  • Old Norse: -andi
    • Icelandic: -andi
    • Faroese: -andi
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: -ande
    • Old Swedish: -andi, -ande
      • Swedish: -ande, -ende
    • Danish: -ende
      • Norwegian Bokmål: -ende
• Gothic: -𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-nds)