Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bringaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Probably from a Pre-Germanic *bʰrenḱ-, a compound root from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry”) + *h₁n(e)ḱ- (“to bring”) or *h₂n(e)ḱ- (“to reach, attain”). The past tense stem came from *bʰronḱ-, o-grade of *bʰrenḱ-, similar to class III strong verbs (mixed weak (dental) and strong (ablauted) past tense forms are very unusual in Proto-Germanic, and this is the only known case). Compare Proto-Brythonic *hembrüngɨd (“to accompany”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbriŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*bringaną

1. to bring

Inflection

Conjugation of *bringaną (weak suffixless)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*bringō	*bringaų	—	*bringai	?
2nd singular	*bringizi	*bringaiz	*bring	*bringazai	*bringaizau
3rd singular	*bringidi	*bringai	*bringadau	*bringadai	*bringaidau
1st dual	*bringōz	*bringaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*bringadiz	*bringaidiz	*bringadiz	—	—
1st plural	*bringamaz	*bringaim	—	*bringandai	*bringaindau
2nd plural	*bringid	*bringaid	*bringid	*bringandai	*bringaindau
3rd plural	*bringandi	*bringain	*bringandau	*bringandai	*bringaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*branhtǭ	*branhtēdį̄
2nd singular	*branhtēz	*branhtēdīz
3rd singular	*branhtē	*branhtēdī
1st dual	*branhtēdū	*branhtēdīw
2nd dual	*branhtēdudiz	*branhtēdīdiz
1st plural	*branhtēdum	*branhtēdīm
2nd plural	*branhtēdud	*branhtēdīd
3rd plural	*branhtēdun	*branhtēdīn
	present	past
participles	*bringandz	*branhtaz

Derived terms

• *brangijaną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *bringan
  • Old English: bringan, brenġan
    • Middle English: bryngen
      • English: bring
      • Scots: bring
  • Old Frisian: brenga, bringa, branga, brendza
    • North Frisian:

      Helgoland, Föhr-Amrum, Sylt: bring

      Mooring: bränge

    • Saterland Frisian: brange
    • West Frisian: bringe
  • Old Saxon: brengian, brengan, bringan
    • Middle Low German: bringen, brengen
      • Low German: bringen, brängen
      • → Danish: bringe
      • → Norwegian: bringe, bringa
      • → Swedish: bringa
  • Old Dutch: bringan
    • Middle Dutch: bringen
      • Dutch: brengen, bringen (dialectal)
        • Afrikaans: bring
        • Berbice Creole Dutch: bringgi
        • Negerhollands: breng, bring, briṅ
        • Skepi Creole Dutch: brink
        • →? Sranan Tongo: bringi
      • Limburgish: bringe
      • West Flemish: bringen
  • Old High German: bringan
    • Middle High German: bringen
      • Alemannic German: bringe
      • Cimbrian: prengen
      • Central Franconian: brenge

        Hunsrik: bringe

        Luxembourgish: bréngen

      • German: bringen
      • Rhine Franconian: brenge, bringe

        Frankfurterisch: [pʀiŋg̥ə], (older) [pʀeŋə]

        Pennsylvania German: bringe

      • Vilamovian: brengia
      • Yiddish: ברענגען (brengen)
• Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (briggan)