Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gulþijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *gulþą (“gold”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɣul.θi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*gulþijaną

1. to gild, cover with gold

Inflection

Conjugation of *gulþijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*gulþijō	*gulþijaų	—	*gulþijai	?
2nd singular	*gulþīsi	*gulþijais	*gulþī	*gulþijasai	*gulþijaisau
3rd singular	*gulþīþi	*gulþijai	*gulþijaþau	*gulþijaþai	*gulþijaiþau
1st dual	*gulþijōs	*gulþijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*gulþijaþiz	*gulþijaiþiz	*gulþijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*gulþijamaz	*gulþijaim	—	*gulþijanþai	*gulþijainþau
2nd plural	*gulþīþ	*gulþijaiþ	*gulþīþ	*gulþijanþai	*gulþijainþau
3rd plural	*gulþijanþi	*gulþijain	*gulþijanþau	*gulþijanþai	*gulþijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*gulþidǭ	*gulþidēdį̄
2nd singular	*gulþidēz	*gulþidēdīz
3rd singular	*gulþidē	*gulþidēdī
1st dual	*gulþidēdū	*gulþidēdīw
2nd dual	*gulþidēdudiz	*gulþidēdīdiz
1st plural	*gulþidēdum	*gulþidēdīm
2nd plural	*gulþidēdud	*gulþidēdīd
3rd plural	*gulþidēdun	*gulþidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*gulþijandz	*gulþidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *gulþijan
  • Old English: *gyldan
    • Middle English: gulden, gilden
      • English: gild
    • ⇒ Old English: begyldan, ofergyldan
  • Old Dutch: *gulden
    • ⇒ Middle Dutch: vergulden, vergolden, vergouden
      • Dutch: vergulden
  • Old High German: *gulden
    • ⇒ Old High German: ubargulden
• Old Norse: gylla
  • Icelandic: gylla
  • Faroese: gylla