Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stunōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ten- (“to thunder, rustle, rumble, drone, groan”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈstu.nɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*stunōną

1. (West Germanic) to make a loud sound; crash
2. (West Germanic) to thunder, rumble
3. (West Germanic) to groan, moan

Inflection

Conjugation of *stunōną (weak class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*stunō	*stunǭ	—	*stunōi	?
2nd singular	*stunōsi	*stunōs	*stunō	*stunōsai	*stunōsau
3rd singular	*stunōþi	*stunō	*stunōþau	*stunōþai	*stunōþau
1st dual	*stunōs	*stunōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*stunōþiz	*stunōþiz	*stunōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*stunōmaz	*stunōm	—	*stunōnþai	*stunōnþau
2nd plural	*stunōþ	*stunōþ	*stunōþ	*stunōnþai	*stunōnþau
3rd plural	*stunōnþi	*stunōn	*stunōnþau	*stunōnþai	*stunōnþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*stunōdǭ	*stunōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*stunōdēz	*stunōdēdīz
3rd singular	*stunōdē	*stunōdēdī
1st dual	*stunōdēdū	*stunōdēdīw
2nd dual	*stunōdēdudiz	*stunōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*stunōdēdum	*stunōdēdīm
2nd plural	*stunōdēdud	*stunōdēdīd
3rd plural	*stunōdēdun	*stunōdēdīn
	present	past
participles	*stunōndz	*stunōdaz

Related terms

• *stanjaną
• *stenaną
• *stuniz
• *stunjaną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *stunōn
  • Old English: stunian
    • Middle English: stunien, stonien, stunen
      • Scots: stun, stound, stony
      • English: stun, stound, astonish
  • Old Saxon: *stunōn
    • Middle Low German: stōnen, stȫnen (latter merged with stēnen)
      • Dutch Low Saxon: steunen
      • German Low German: stöhnen
      • → German: stöhnen
  • Old Dutch: *stunōn, *stonōn
    • Middle Dutch: stōnen
      • Dutch: steunen (merged with Middle Dutch stēnen)
  • Old High German: *stunōn
    • Middle High German: stunen, stunden
  • → Vulgar Latin: *stunō (alternatively from Latin *extonō, see there for further descendants)