Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃ésth₁

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *h₂óst

Reconstruction

The original form was a neuter root noun, as can be seen from Latin os and Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬙- (ast-). In the rest of the daughters, the noun has been transferred to various vocalic stems.

Medial -th- in Sanskrit अस्थि (ásthi) requires root of the form *HestH (the initial laryngeal is there to account for the canonical shape of Proto-Indo-European root). The Latin reflex requires the initial laryngeal to be *h₃-, and Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon) points to *h₁ as the root-final laryngeal.

Celtic forms require initial laryngeal to be *h₂-, so this noun is sometimes reconstructed to have the paradigm *h₂óst(h₁) ~ *h₂ést(h₁)s.

Noun

*h₃ésth₁ n

1. bone

Declension

Acrostatic ablauting paradigm.

Athematic, acrostatic
	singular
nominative	*h₃ésth₁
genitive	*h₃ésth₁s
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₃ésth₁	*h₃ésth₁ih₁	*h₃ésth₁h₂
vocative	*h₃ésth₁	*h₃ésth₁ih₁	*h₃ésth₁h₂
accusative	*h₃ésth₁	*h₃ésth₁ih₁	*h₃ésth₁h₂
genitive	*h₃ésth₁s	*?	*h₃ésth₁oHom
ablative	*h₃ésth₁s	*?	*h₃ésth₁mos, *h₃ésth₁bʰos
dative	*h₃ésth₁ey	*?	*h₃ésth₁mos, *h₃ésth₁bʰos
locative	*h₃ésth₁, *h₃ésth₁i	*?	*h₃ésth₁su
instrumental	*h₃ésth₁h₁	*?	*h₃ésth₁mis, *h₃ésth₁bʰis

Derived terms

• *h₃ósth₁-i
  • *h₃ósth₁-ey-om
    • Proto-Hellenic: *ósteyon (alternatively, *óstewon like the Armenian u-derivative)
      • Ancient Greek: ὀστέον (ostéon), ὀστοῦν (ostoûn) — Attic, ὀστεῦν (osteûn) — poetic, ὄστιον (óstion) — Aeolic
        • Greek: οστό (ostó)
  • *h₃ésth₁-ōy
    • Anatolian:
      • Hittite: 𒄩𒀸𒋫𒄿 (ḫa-aš-ta-a-i /⁠ḫaštāi⁠/)
      • Luwian: 𒄩𒀀𒀸𒊭 (ḫa-a-aš-ša /⁠ḫāšša⁠/)

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *aśt-
  • Albanian: asht
• Armenian: (< *h₃ost-wer-)
  • Old Armenian: ոսկր (oskr)
    • Armenian: ոսկոր (oskor)
• Proto-Celtic: *ast (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HástʰH
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HástʰH
    • Sanskrit: अस्थि (ásthi) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Iranian: *HástH (see there for further descendants)
• Italic:
  • Latin: os (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Tocharian: *āyä
  • Tocharian A: āy
  • Tocharian B: āy (plural āsta)

Further reading

• Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1119
• De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 436
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 77