Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wert-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*wert- (imperfective)

1. to turn, to rotate

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wert-‎ (36 c, 0 e)

• *wért-ti ~ *wr̥t-énti (athematic root present)
• *wért-e-tor (thematic middle)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wártatay
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wártatay
      • Sanskrit: वर्तते (vártate, “to turn”) (see there for further descendants)
• *wr̥t-éh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirtḗˀtei
    • Proto-Slavic: *vьrtě̀ti (“to turn”) (see there for further descendants)
• *wert-ye- (ye-present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: versti
• *we-wórt-e ~ *we-wr̥t-ḗr (stative)
• *wort-éye-ti (causative)
• *wr̥t-ís
  • Proto-Germanic: *wurdiz (“fate”) (see there for further descendants)
• *wert-en-om
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: वर्तन (vártana)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wertena
    • Proto-Slavic: *verteno (see there for further descendants)
• *wért-mn̥
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *werˀtmin
    • Proto-Slavic: *vermę (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wártma
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wártma
      • Sanskrit: वर्त्मन् (vártman) (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Albanian: *writja
    • Albanian: rris
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: वर्तिन् (vartin)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Iranian:
      • Middle Persian: [script needed] (wrd-)
        • Persian: گرد‎ (gerd)
        • Tajik: гирд (gird)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • (Baltic:)
      • Lithuanian: vir̃sti
      • Latvian: virst
      • Old Prussian: wirst
    • Proto-Slavic: *vorta (“gate”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Slavic: *vьrsta, *vьrstva (“row, line, age, kind”)
      • East Slavic:
        • Old East Slavic: вьрста (vĭrsta)
        • Belarusian: вярста́ (vjarstá)
        • Russian: верста́ (verstá)
        • Ukrainian: верства́ (verstvá)
      • South Slavic:
        • Old Church Slavonic: врьста (vrĭsta)
        • Bulgarian: връст (vrǎst) (dialectal)
        • Serbo-Croatian:

          Cyrillic script: врста

          Latin script: vrsta

        • Macedonian: врста (vrsta)
        • Slovene: vrsta
      • West Slavic:
        • Polish: warstwa
  • Proto-Germanic: *werþaz, *wardaz (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *wuldrą (“glory”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *wulþuz (“glory”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *wertos
    • Proto-Brythonic: *gwerθ (possibly Germanic borrowing) (see there for further descendants)