Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wi

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Adverb

*wi

1. apart, asunder
2. away from, against

Alternative reconstructions

• *h₁wi-

Derived terms

• *wí-noh₁ (innovative instrumental form)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wínaH
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wínaH
      • Sanskrit: विना (vínā, “without, except”) (see there for further descendants)
• *no-wi (with *ne)
  • Anatolian:
    • Hittite: [script needed] (nawi, “not yet”)
• *wíteros (with *-teros)
  • ⇒ *wíterom (adverbial accusative)
    • Proto-Germanic: (*wiþerą >) *wiþrą (“toward, against; compared to, among”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *witarám (“again, further”, adverb)
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *vitarám
        • Sanskrit: वितरम् (vitarám)
      • Proto-Iranian:
        • Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (vītar^əm)
  • ⇒? *wít-oro-s
    • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wítaras
      • >? Proto-Slavic: *vъtorъ (“second”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *wiþeraz^?
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wítaras
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wítaras
      • Sanskrit: वितर (vitara, “far away”)
    • Proto-Iranian: *wítarah
      • Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (vītara, “both sides; far away; lateral”)

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wí
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wí
    • Sanskrit: वि (ví, “apart, asunder, through”)
    • Sanskrit: वि- (ví-, “prefix to express division, distinction”)
  • Proto-Iranian: *wí
    • Avestan: 𐬬𐬍 (vī, “separate, apart, asunder, through”)
    • Khotanese: [script needed] (bi-), [script needed] (gva-)
    • Bactrian: οι- (oi- /⁠wi-⁠/)
    • Khwarezmian: وـ (w- /⁠*wi-⁠/)
    • Sogdian: (/⁠wi-⁠/)

      Sogdian script: [script needed] (w-), [script needed] (wy-)

      Manichaean script: 𐫇- (w-), 𐫇𐫏- (wy-)

      Syriac script: ܘ- (w-), ܘܝ- (wy-)

    • Parthian: (/⁠wi-⁠/, “apart”)

      Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭅𐭉- (wy-), 𐭅- (w-)

      Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏- (wy-)

    • Old Persian: 𐎻𐎡 (vi-i /⁠vi-⁠/)
      • Middle Persian: (/⁠wi-⁠/, “apart”)

        Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏- (wy-)

        Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭥𐭩- (wy-), 𐭥- (w-)

        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wy-), [Book Pahlavi needed] (w-)

        Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮅𐮈- (wy-), 𐮅- (w-)

        Pazend script: 𐬬𐬀- (va-)

        • Classical Persian: گـ (g- /⁠gu-⁠/), وـ (wi-), بـ (bi-)

          Iranian Persian: گـ (g- /⁠go-⁠/, “revived prefix as "dis-"”)

See also

• *dwi-