Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yugóm

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *yewg- (“to yoke, harness, join”) +‎ *-óm (agentive nominal suffix).

Noun

*yugóm n (non-ablauting)

1. yoke

Inflection

Thematic
	singular
nominative	*yugóm
genitive	*yugósyo
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*yugóm	*yugóy(h₁)	*yugéh₂
vocative	*yugóm	*yugóy(h₁)	*yugéh₂
accusative	*yugóm	*yugóy(h₁)	*yugéh₂
genitive	*yugósyo	*?	*yugóHom
ablative	*yugéad	*?	*yugómos, *yugóbʰos
dative	*yugóey	*?	*yugómos, *yugóbʰos
locative	*yugéy, *yugóy	*?	*yugóysu
instrumental	*yugóh₁	*?	*yugṓys

Alternative reconstructions

• *Hyugóm (Rix (1976: 70))

Descendants

• Proto-Anatolian:
  • Hittite: 𒄿𒌑𒃷 (iúkan)
• Proto-Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: լուծ (luc) (l- from լուծանեմ (lucanem, “unharness”))
    • Armenian: լուծ (luc)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jū́ˀga (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *yugom (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *juką (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *dzugón
  • Ancient Greek: ζυγόν (zugón)
  • ⇒ (later gender shift) *dzugós
    • Ancient Greek: ζυγός (zugós)
      • Greek: ζυγός (zygós)
    • Ancient Greek: δυγός (dugós)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yugám (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *jugom (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Tocharian:
  • Tocharian A: yokäm (“door”)

Unsorted borrowings

• → Proto-Kartvelian: *uɣ- (see there for further descendants)