Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/caHyā́kaH

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From *caHyáH +‎ *-kaH.

Noun

*caHyā́kaH f^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

shade, shadow
shelter, protection

Inflection

aH-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*caHyā́kaH	*caHyā́kay	*caHyā́kāh
vocative	*caHyā́kay	*caHyā́kay	*caHyā́kāh
accusative	*caHyā́kām	*caHyā́kay	*caHyā́kāh
instrumental	*caHyā́kaH, -ayaH	*caHyā́kaHbʰyā(m)	*caHyā́kaHbʰiš
ablative	*caHyā́kayaHh	*caHyā́kaHbʰyā(m)	*caHyā́kaHbʰyah
dative	*caHyā́kayaHi	*caHyā́kaHbʰyā(m)	*caHyā́kaHbʰyah
genitive	*caHyā́kayaHh	*caHyā́kayHāh	*caHyā́kaHnaHam
locative	*caHyā́kayaH	*caHyā́kayHaw	*caHyā́kaHhu

Descendants

Northeastern Iranian:
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Khwarezmian: 𐾿𐾺𐾰𐾻 (syʾk)
  - Proto-Sogdic: *syā́kā^[5]
    - Sogdian: (/⁠səyā́k⁠/)
      Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫏𐫀𐫐 (syʾk))
      
      Sogdian script: 𐼼𐼷𐼰𐼰𐼸 (syʾʾk), 𐼼𐼷𐼰𐼰𐼸𐼳 (syʾʾkh)
      
      Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (syʾq)
    - Yaghnobi: сиёка (sⁱyṓka)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Ormuri:
  Kaniguram: [script needed] (syā́kā)
  
  Logar: [script needed] (syåkā)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *syǣḱǣ
  - Proto-Munji-Yidgha:
    - Munji: [script needed] (sǟgo), [script needed] (sǟga)
    - Yidgha: [script needed] (säγo), [script needed] (saγo)
  - Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *sᵊyǣḱ
    - Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *sᵊyȫǰ
      - Sarikoli: suyc
      - Shughni: сйе̂ҷ (syêǰ, “temple”), (Bartangi) сийоҷ (siyōǰ), сиоҷ (siōǰ)
    - Yazghulami: сайег (sayeg, “shadow”)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: ساہگ (sāhig)
- Kurdish:
  - Central Kurdish: سێبەر (sêber), سایه (sayh), سا (sa)
  - Northern Kurdish: sî, sê, sih, sêber, sîber
  - Southern Kurdish: سایه (saye)
- Proto-Medo-Parthian: *sāyā́kā
  - Caspian:
    - Mazanderani: ساینه (sâyne), ساها (sāhā)
    - Gilaki: ساىه (sāya)
  - Old Median: *sāyā́kā
    - Kermanic: sōya (Mahallati), sūya (Qohrudi)
    - Proto-Tatic:
      - Old Tati:
        Harzani: سو (söv)
        
        Karingani: سوالین (suvālīn)
      - Talysh:
        Masali: [script needed] (sɔ)
  - Parthian: 𐫘𐫏𐫀𐫃 (syʾg /⁠sayāg⁠/)
  - Zazaki: sîye
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: *θāyakā
  - Middle Persian: (/⁠sāyag⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫀𐫏𐫃 (sʾyg)
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (sʾdk')
    - Classical Persian: سایه (sāya)
      - Dari: سایه (sâya)
      - Iranian Persian: سایه (sâye)
      - Tajik: соя (soya)
      - → Pashto: سايه (sāyá)
      - → Sanglechi: سایه (sā̊yɛ)
      - → Sarikoli: suyo
      - → Shughni: сойа̄ (sōyā)
        → Wakhi: soya^[7]

References

^ Humbach, Helmut (1989), Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor, Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, § 3.2.2 Choresmian, page 195: “sāyākā-”
^ de Vaan, Michiel (2003), Beekes, R.S.P., Lubotsky, A., Weitenberg, J.J.S., editors, The Avestan Vowels (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 12), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 118: “OIr. *sāyā(ka) ‘shade’”
^ Novák, Ľubomír (2013), Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[1], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 106: “*aʦā̆i̯ā-kā-”
^ Kim, Ronald (2003), “On the historical phonology of Ossetic: the origin of the oblique case suffix”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society‎^[2], volume 123, number 1, →DOI, page 53: “*sāyākā- ← PIr. *sāyā”
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2016), Einführung ins Ostmitteliranische [Introduction to East-Central Iranian]‎^[3] (in German), Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, page 19: “*sāyākā-”
^ Efimov, Valentin Aleksandrovič (2011), The Ormuri Language in Past and Present (FLI Language and Culture Series)‎^[4], volume 6, Islamabad: Forum for Language Initiatives, page 299: “< Ir. *sāyā́ fem. + (> *sā́yāka with metathesis of *y)”
^ Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1999), “soyá”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ vaxanskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoje Vostokovedenije, →ISBN, page 314

[1] Humbach, Helmut (1989), Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor, Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, § 3.2.2 Choresmian, page 195: “sāyākā-”

[2] Vaan, Michiel (2003), Beekes, R.S.P., Lubotsky, A., Weitenberg, J.J.S., editors, The Avestan Vowels (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 12), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 118: “OIr. *sāyā(ka) ‘shade’”

[3] Novák, Ľubomír (2013), Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[1], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 106: “*aʦā̆i̯ā-kā-”

[4] Kim, Ronald (2003), “On the historical phonology of Ossetic: the origin of the oblique case suffix”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society‎^[2], volume 123, number 1, →DOI, page 53: “*sāyākā- ← PIr. *sāyā”

[Kummel-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2016), Einführung ins Ostmitteliranische [Introduction to East-Central Iranian]‎^[3] (in German), Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, page 19: “*sāyākā-”

[6] Efimov, Valentin Aleksandrovič (2011), The Ormuri Language in Past and Present (FLI Language and Culture Series)‎^[4], volume 6, Islamabad: Forum for Language Initiatives, page 299: “< Ir. *sāyā́ fem. + (> *sā́yāka with metathesis of *y)”

[7] Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1999), “soyá”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ vaxanskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoje Vostokovedenije, →ISBN, page 314

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