Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/sap

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *sab-, *sap-; see also Welsh syb-wydd (“fir”), Latin sapa (“must, new wine”), Russian со́пли (sópli, “snivel”), Old Armenian համ (ham, “taste”), Avestan 𐬬𐬌-𐬱𐬁𐬞𐬀 (vi-šāpa, “having poisonous juices”), Sanskrit सबर् (sabar, “juice, nectar”)).

Noun

*sap n

1. juice
2. sap

Inflection

Neuter a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*sap
Genitive	*sapas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*sap	*sapu
Accusative	*sap	*sapu
Genitive	*sapas	*sapō
Dative	*sapē	*sapum
Instrumental	*sapu	*sapum

Descendants

• Old English: sæp
  • Middle English: sap
    • English: sap
    • Scots: sap, sop
• Old Frisian: *sep, *sap
  • Saterland Frisian: Sap
  • West Frisian: sappe, sop
• Old Saxon: sap
  • Middle Low German: sap
    • German Low German: Sapp
    • Low German: Sap
• Old Dutch: *sap
  • Middle Dutch: sap
    • Dutch: sap
• Old High German: saf
  • Middle High German: saf, saft
    • Bavarian: Såft
    • German: Saft
      • → Danish: saft
      • → Norwegian Bokmål: saft
      • → Swedish: saft
    • Luxembourgish: Saaft
    • Yiddish: זאַפֿט (zaft)
    • → Middle Low German: saft
      • German Low German: Saft

Further reading

• Smith, Arden Ray (1997): Germanic Linguistic Influence on the Invented Languages of J.R.R. Tolkien