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sap

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: Appendix:Variations of "sap"
Languages (19)
English
Aromanian • Azerbaijani • Catalan • Dutch • Hokkien • Indonesian • Kholosi • Middle English • Old English • Polish • Romani • Romanian • Salar • Tausug • Turkish • Veps • Volapük • Zhuang
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English

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English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /sæp/
  • Audio (US):(file)
  • Rhymes: -æp

Etymology 1

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From Middle English sap, from Old English sæp (“juice, sap”), from Proto-West Germanic *sap (“sap, juice”) (compare Dutch sap, German Saft, Icelandic safi), from Proto-Indo-European *sab-, *sap- (“to taste”) (compare Welsh syb-wydd (“fir”), Latin sapa (“must, new wine”), Russian со́пли (sópli, “snivel”), Old Armenian համ (ham, “taste”), Avestan 𐬬𐬌-𐬱𐬁𐬞𐬀 (vi-šāpa, “having poisonous juices”), Sanskrit सबर् (sabar, “juice, nectar”)). More at sage.

sap (“naive person”) is a clipping of sapskull (literally “person with sap in their skull”).[1]

Noun

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English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
Clear drops of sap (sense 1) oozing from the cut stem of a summer squash.

sap (countable and uncountable, plural saps)

  1. (uncountable) The juice of plants of any kind, especially the ascending and descending juices or circulating fluid essential to nutrition.
  2. (uncountable) The sapwood, or alburnum, of a tree.
  3. Any juice.
  4. (figurative) Vitality.
  5. (slang, countable) A naive person; a simpleton.
    Synonyms: milksop, saphead
    Look at the sap mowing our lawn while we pretend our own lawnmower is broken.
    • 1992, Neal Stephenson, Snow Crash, page 234:
      "Or trying to reproduce it."
      "The Mafia wouldn't do that."
      "Don't be a sap," Hiro says. "Of course they would."
      Y.T. seems miffed at Hiro.
    • 1997, “Don't Look Down”, in Curtains, performed by Tindersticks:
      She said I'm such a sap, I'm such a jerk / Can't I ever forget the way that we are / Spend all your time with your eyes on the ground / Looking for the stars
Derived terms
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Translations
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The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Verb

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sap (third-person singular simple present saps, present participle sapping, simple past and past participle sapped)

  1. (transitive, figurative) To exhaust the vitality of.
    • 1922, E[ric] R[ücker] Eddison, The Worm Ouroboros: A Romance, London: Jonathan Cape […], →OCLC, page 6:
      Somewhat he knoweth of art magical, yet useth not that art; for it sappeth the life and strength, nor is it held worthy that a Demon should put trust in that art, but rather in his own might and main.
    • 2022 April 12, Neil Johnston, “Real Madrid 2-3 Chelsea”, in BBC Sport‎[1]:
      While Tuchel will be delighted with the way his players responded, there will be concern at how much the energy-sapping 120 minutes has taken out of them.
    • 2025 June 8, Jonathan Jurejko, “Alcaraz stuns Sinner in extraordinary French Open final”, in BBC‎[2]:
      Alcaraz flew out of the blocks in the first-to-10 match tie-break of the deciding set, sapping every last bit of Sinner's energy before sealing victory with a remarkable running forehand winner that fizzed down the line.
  2. (transitive) To drain, suck or absorb sap from (a tree, etc.).

Etymology 2

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    From French saper (compare Spanish zapar and Italian zappare) from sape (“sort of scythe”), from Late Latin sappa (“sort of mattock”).

    The sense evolution of from “subvert by digging” to “weaken” was influenced by the sense above “drain wood of sap” as trench warfare receded from public conscience.

    Verb

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    sap (third-person singular simple present saps, present participle sapping, simple past and past participle sapped)

    1. (transitive) To make unstable or infirm; to unsettle; to weaken.
    2. (transitive) To gradually drain (someone's energy or vitality).
      to sap one’s conscience
      He saps my energy.
    3. (transitive, military) To pierce with saps.
    4. (transitive) To subvert by digging or wearing away; to mine; to undermine; to destroy the foundation of.
      1. (intransitive) To proceed by mining, or by secretly undermining; to execute saps.
    Translations
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    Noun

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    sap (plural saps)

    1. (military) A narrow ditch or trench made from the foremost parallel toward the glacis or covert way of a besieged place by digging under cover of gabions, etc.
    Derived terms
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    Translations
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    Etymology 3

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    Probably from sapling.

    Noun

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    Several leather saps.

    sap (plural saps)

    1. (countable, US, slang) A short wooden club; a leather-covered hand weapon; a blackjack.
      • 1944, William Faulkner, Leigh Brackett, Jules Furthman, The Big Sleep (screenplay)
        I risk my whole future, the hatred of the cops and Eddie Mars' gang. I dodge bullets and eat saps.
    Translations
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    Verb

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    sap (third-person singular simple present saps, present participle sapping, simple past and past participle sapped)

    1. (transitive, slang) To strike with a sap (with a blackjack).
      • 1944, William Faulkner, Leigh Brackett, Jules Furthman, The Big Sleep (screenplay)
        [A]s he passes the mouth of a narrow alley two men step out quickly. One of them saps Marlowe expertly — they drag him out of sight.
      • 1964, Raymond Chandler, Killer in the Rain:
        And when he had me up there he would sap me again and I wouldn't remember anything that happened in between the two sappings.
    Translations
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    References

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    1. ^ “sap, n1.”, in OED Online Paid subscription required⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.

    Anagrams

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    Aromanian

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    Alternative forms

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    Etymology

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    From Vulgar Latin *sappō, from Latin sappa. Compare Romanian săpa, sap, French saper, Italian zappare, Sicilian zappari, Spanish zapar, Friulian sapâ, Venetan sapar, Latin sappa.

    Verb

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    sap (participle sãpatã)

    1. to dig (with a pick)
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    See also

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    Azerbaijani

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    Etymology 1

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    From Proto-Turkic *sap-.

    Noun

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    sap (definite accusative sapı, plural saplar)

    1. thread
      Synonym: ip
    Declension
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    Declension of sap
    singular plural
    nominative sapsaplar
    definite accusative sapısapları
    dative sapasaplara
    locative sapdasaplarda
    ablative sapdansaplardan
    definite genitive sapınsapların
    Possessive forms of sap
    nominative
    singular plural
    mənim (“my”) sapım saplarım
    sənin (“your”) sapın sapların
    onun (“his/her/its”) sapı sapları
    bizim (“our”) sapımız saplarımız
    sizin (“your”) sapınız saplarınız
    onların (“their”) sapı or sapları sapları
    accusative
    singular plural
    mənim (“my”) sapımı saplarımı
    sənin (“your”) sapını saplarını
    onun (“his/her/its”) sapını saplarını
    bizim (“our”) sapımızı saplarımızı
    sizin (“your”) sapınızı saplarınızı
    onların (“their”) sapını or saplarını saplarını
    dative
    singular plural
    mənim (“my”) sapıma saplarıma
    sənin (“your”) sapına saplarına
    onun (“his/her/its”) sapına saplarına
    bizim (“our”) sapımıza saplarımıza
    sizin (“your”) sapınıza saplarınıza
    onların (“their”) sapına or saplarına saplarına
    locative
    singular plural
    mənim (“my”) sapımda saplarımda
    sənin (“your”) sapında saplarında
    onun (“his/her/its”) sapında saplarında
    bizim (“our”) sapımızda saplarımızda
    sizin (“your”) sapınızda saplarınızda
    onların (“their”) sapında or saplarında saplarında
    ablative
    singular plural
    mənim (“my”) sapımdan saplarımdan
    sənin (“your”) sapından saplarından
    onun (“his/her/its”) sapından saplarından
    bizim (“our”) sapımızdan saplarımızdan
    sizin (“your”) sapınızdan saplarınızdan
    onların (“their”) sapından or saplarından saplarından
    genitive
    singular plural
    mənim (“my”) sapımın saplarımın
    sənin (“your”) sapının saplarının
    onun (“his/her/its”) sapının saplarının
    bizim (“our”) sapımızın saplarımızın
    sizin (“your”) sapınızın saplarınızın
    onların (“their”) sapının or saplarının saplarının

    Etymology 2

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    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

    Noun

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    sap (definite accusative sapı, plural saplar)

    1. grip, hilt
    Declension
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    Declension of sap
    singular plural
    nominative sapsaplar
    definite accusative sapısapları
    dative sapasaplara
    locative sapdasaplarda
    ablative sapdansaplardan
    definite genitive sapınsapların
    Possessive forms of sap
    nominative
    singular plural
    mənim (“my”) sapım saplarım
    sənin (“your”) sapın sapların
    onun (“his/her/its”) sapı sapları
    bizim (“our”) sapımız saplarımız
    sizin (“your”) sapınız saplarınız
    onların (“their”) sapı or sapları sapları
    accusative
    singular plural
    mənim (“my”) sapımı saplarımı
    sənin (“your”) sapını saplarını
    onun (“his/her/its”) sapını saplarını
    bizim (“our”) sapımızı saplarımızı
    sizin (“your”) sapınızı saplarınızı
    onların (“their”) sapını or saplarını saplarını
    dative
    singular plural
    mənim (“my”) sapıma saplarıma
    sənin (“your”) sapına saplarına
    onun (“his/her/its”) sapına saplarına
    bizim (“our”) sapımıza saplarımıza
    sizin (“your”) sapınıza saplarınıza
    onların (“their”) sapına or saplarına saplarına
    locative
    singular plural
    mənim (“my”) sapımda saplarımda
    sənin (“your”) sapında saplarında
    onun (“his/her/its”) sapında saplarında
    bizim (“our”) sapımızda saplarımızda
    sizin (“your”) sapınızda saplarınızda
    onların (“their”) sapında or saplarında saplarında
    ablative
    singular plural
    mənim (“my”) sapımdan saplarımdan
    sənin (“your”) sapından saplarından
    onun (“his/her/its”) sapından saplarından
    bizim (“our”) sapımızdan saplarımızdan
    sizin (“your”) sapınızdan saplarınızdan
    onların (“their”) sapından or saplarından saplarından
    genitive
    singular plural
    mənim (“my”) sapımın saplarımın
    sənin (“your”) sapının saplarının
    onun (“his/her/its”) sapının saplarının
    bizim (“our”) sapımızın saplarımızın
    sizin (“your”) sapınızın saplarınızın
    onların (“their”) sapının or saplarının saplarının

    Further reading

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    • “sap” in Obastan.com.

    Catalan

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    Pronunciation

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    Etymology 1

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    See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

    Alternative forms

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    Etymology 2

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    Back-formation from cepell.

    Noun

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    sap m (plural saps)

    1. common heather
      Synonyms: bruguerola, bronsa

    Etymology 3

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    Verb

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    sap

    1. third-person singular present indicative of saber

    Further reading

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    Dutch

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    Etymology

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    From Middle Dutch sap, from Old Dutch *sap, from Proto-West Germanic *sap.[1]

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    sap n (plural sappen, diminutive sapje n)

    1. juice
      Hyponyms: aalbessensap, appelsap, citroensap, druivensap, sinaasappelsap, vruchtensap
    2. sap (fluid in plants)

    Derived terms

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    Descendants

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    • Afrikaans: sap
    • Negerhollands: sap
    • → Indonesian: getah (semantic loan)

    References

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    1. ^ J. de Vries & F. de Tollenaere, "Etymologisch Woordenboek", Uitgeverij Het Spectrum, Utrecht, 1986 (14de druk)

    Anagrams

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    Hokkien

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    For pronunciation and definitions of sap – see 圾 (“garbage; rubbish; clod”).
    (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 圾).
    For pronunciation and definitions of sap – see 屑 (“bits; scraps; crumbs; fragments; trifling; trivial; etc.”).
    (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 屑).
    For pronunciation and definitions of sap – see 雪 (“snow; to snow; etc.”).
    (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 雪).
    For pronunciation and definitions of sap – see 霎 (“instant; moment; short; fleeting; etc.”).
    (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 霎).
    For pronunciation and definitions of sap – see 歃 (“to drink; to suck; to smear on the mouth; etc.”).
    (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 歃).

    Indonesian

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    Indonesian Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia id

    Pronunciation

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    Etymology 1

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    Unknown

    Noun

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    sap (plural sap-sap)

    1. paper or scraps that can absorb ink
    2. sheets of shredded tobacco stacked into a staple

    Etymology 2

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    Noun

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    sap (plural sap-sap)

    1. alternative spelling of saf

    Further reading

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    Kholosi

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    Etymology

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    From Sanskrit सर्प (sarpa).

    Noun

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    sap ?

    1. snake

    References

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    • Eric Anonby; Hassan Mohebi Bahmani (2014), “Shipwrecked and Landlocked: Kholosi, an Indo-Aryan Language in South-west Iran”, in Cahier de Studia Iranica xx‎[3], pages 13-36

    Middle English

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    Alternative forms

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    Etymology

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    From Old English sæp, from Proto-West Germanic *sap, from Proto-Indo-European *sep-.

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    sap (uncountable)

    1. sap (plant juices)
    2. sapwood (wood under bark)
    3. (rare) earwax

    Derived terms

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    Descendants

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    References

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    Old English

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    Etymology

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    From Proto-West Germanic *saipu, from Proto-Germanic *saipō (“resin”), from Proto-Indo-European *seyb-, *seyp- (“to pour, sile, flow, drip”).

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    sāp f

    1. amber, resin
    2. pomade

    Declension

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    Strong ō-stem:

    singular plural
    nominative sāp sāpa, sāpe
    accusative sāpe sāpa, sāpe
    genitive sāpe sāpa
    dative sāpe sāpum
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    Descendants

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    Polish

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    Pronunciation

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    Verb

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    sap

    1. second-person singular imperative of sapać

    Romani

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    Etymology

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    Etymology tree
    Proto-Indo-European *serp-
    Sanskrit सृप् (sṛp)
    Sanskrit स॒र्प (sarpá)
    Prakrit 𑀲𑀧𑁆𑀧 (sappa)
    Romani sap

      Inherited from Prakrit 𑀲𑀧𑁆𑀧 (sappa), from Sanskrit सर्प (sarpá). Cognate with Punjabi ਸੱਪ (sappa, “snake”).

      Pronunciation

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      This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

      Noun

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      sap m (plural sapa)

      1. snake
        Kana sas anθ-o veś, jekh sap dandardǎs man.
        While I was in the woods, a snake bit me.

      References

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      • Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “sap”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 766
      • Yaron Matras (2002), “Historical and linguistic origins”, in Romani: A Linguistic Introduction‎[4], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 40
      • Yūsuke Sumi (2018), “sap, ~a”, in ニューエクスプレスプラス　ロマ（ジプシー）語 [New Express Plus Romani (Gypsy)] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 154

      Romanian

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      Pronunciation

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      Verb

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      sap

      1. first-person singular present indicative/subjunctive of săpa

      Salar

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      Etymology

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      From Proto-Turkic *sap. Cognate to Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Turkish, and Turkmen sap, etc.

      Pronunciation

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      • (Xunhua, Qinghai) IPA(key): /sɑpʰ/
      • (Ili, Xinjiang) IPA(key): /sɨpʰ/

      Noun

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      sap (3rd person possessive sapı, plural saplar)

      1. handle, knob
      2. petiole, pedicel

      Derived terms

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      References

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      • Tenishev, Edhem (1976), “sap”, in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow, page 474
      • 林 (Lin), 莲云 (Lianyun) (1992), “sap”, in 撒拉汉汉撒拉词汇 [Salar-Chinese, Chinese-Salar Vocabulary], 成都: 四川民族出版社, →ISBN, page 58
      • Yakup, Abdurishid (2002), “sap”, in An Ili Salar Vocabulary: Introduction and a Provisional Salar-English Lexicon‎[5], Tokyo: University of Tokyo, →ISBN, page 160

      Tausug

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      Alternative forms

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      Etymology

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      Borrowed from Malay cap.

      Pronunciation

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      • (Sinūgan Parianun) IPA(key): /sap/ [ˈsap̚]
      • Rhymes: -ap
      • Syllabification: sap

      Noun

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      sap (Sulat Sūg spelling سَفْ)

      1. seal; stamp
      2. brand
        Synonym: jinama ( Malaysia)

      Derived terms

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      Turkish

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      Etymology 1

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      From Ottoman Turkish صاپ (sap, “handle; stalk; hair”), from Proto-Turkic *sap (“handle”). Cognate with Old Turkic [script needed] (sap).

      Pronunciation

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      Adjective

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      sap

      1. (slang) not having a significant other
      Declension
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      Predicative forms of sap
      present tense
      positive declarative positive interrogative
      ben (I am) sapım sap mıyım?
      sen (you are) sapsın sap mısın?
      o (he/she/it is) sap / saptır sap mı?
      biz (we are) sapız sap mıyız?
      siz (you are) sapsınız sap mısınız?
      onlar (they are) sap(lar) sap(lar) mı?
      past tense
      positive declarative positive interrogative
      ben (I was) saptım sap mıydım?
      sen (you were) saptın sap mıydın?
      o (he/she/it was) saptı sap mıydı?
      biz (we were) saptık sap mıydık?
      siz (you were) saptınız sap mıydınız?
      onlar (they were) saptılar sap mıydılar?
      indirect past
      positive declarative positive interrogative
      ben (I was) sapmışım sap mıymışım?
      sen (you were) sapmışsın sap mıymışsın?
      o (he/she/it was) sapmış sap mıymış?
      biz (we were) sapmışız sap mıymışız?
      siz (you were) sapmışsınız sap mıymışsınız?
      onlar (they were) sapmışlar sap mıymışlar?
      conditional
      positive declarative positive interrogative
      ben (if I) sapsam sap mıysam?
      sen (if you) sapsan sap mıysan?
      o (if he/she/it) sapsa sap mıysa?
      biz (if we) sapsak sap mıysak?
      siz (if you) sapsanız sap mıysanız?
      onlar (if they) sapsalar sap mıysalar?

      For negative forms, use the appropriate form of değil.

      Noun

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      sap (definite accusative sapı, plural saplar)

      1. handle
      2. stem, stalk
      3. (slang) penis
      4. (slang) male
      Declension
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      Declension of sap
      singular plural
      nominative sap saplar
      definite accusative sapı sapları
      dative sapa saplara
      locative sapta saplarda
      ablative saptan saplardan
      genitive sapın sapların
      Possessive forms
      nominative
      singular plural
      1st singular sapım saplarım
      2nd singular sapın sapların
      3rd singular sapı sapları
      1st plural sapımız saplarımız
      2nd plural sapınız saplarınız
      3rd plural sapları sapları
      definite accusative
      singular plural
      1st singular sapımı saplarımı
      2nd singular sapını saplarını
      3rd singular sapını saplarını
      1st plural sapımızı saplarımızı
      2nd plural sapınızı saplarınızı
      3rd plural saplarını saplarını
      dative
      singular plural
      1st singular sapıma saplarıma
      2nd singular sapına saplarına
      3rd singular sapına saplarına
      1st plural sapımıza saplarımıza
      2nd plural sapınıza saplarınıza
      3rd plural saplarına saplarına
      locative
      singular plural
      1st singular sapımda saplarımda
      2nd singular sapında saplarında
      3rd singular sapında saplarında
      1st plural sapımızda saplarımızda
      2nd plural sapınızda saplarınızda
      3rd plural saplarında saplarında
      ablative
      singular plural
      1st singular sapımdan saplarımdan
      2nd singular sapından saplarından
      3rd singular sapından saplarından
      1st plural sapımızdan saplarımızdan
      2nd plural sapınızdan saplarınızdan
      3rd plural saplarından saplarından
      genitive
      singular plural
      1st singular sapımın saplarımın
      2nd singular sapının saplarının
      3rd singular sapının saplarının
      1st plural sapımızın saplarımızın
      2nd plural sapınızın saplarınızın
      3rd plural saplarının saplarının

      Etymology 2

      [edit]

      See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

      Verb

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      sap

      1. second-person singular imperative of sapmak

      Veps

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      Etymology

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      From Proto-Finnic *sappi.

      Noun

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      sap

      1. bile, gall

      Declension

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      Inflection of sap (inflection type 2/kodi)
      nominative sing. sap
      genitive sing. sapin
      partitive sing. sapid
      partitive plur. sapid
      singular plural
      nominative sap sapid
      accusative sapin sapid
      genitive sapin sapiden
      partitive sapid sapid
      essive-instructive sapin sapin
      translative sapikš sapikš
      inessive sapiš sapiš
      elative sapišpäi sapišpäi
      illative sapihe sapihe
      adessive sapil sapil
      ablative sapilpäi sapilpäi
      allative sapile sapile
      abessive sapita sapita
      comitative sapinke sapidenke
      prolative sapidme sapidme
      approximative I sapinno sapidenno
      approximative II sapinnoks sapidennoks
      egressive sapinnopäi sapidennopäi
      terminative I sapihesai sapihesai
      terminative II sapilesai sapilesai
      terminative III sapissai —
      additive I sapihepäi sapihepäi
      additive II sapilepäi sapilepäi

      Volapük

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      Etymology

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      Borrowed from Latin sapiō (“I am wise”).

      Pronunciation

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      Noun

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      sap

      1. wisdom

      Zhuang

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      Pronunciation

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      Etymology 1

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      From Proto-Tai *saːpᴰ (“cockroach”). Cognate with Thai สาบ (sàap), Lao ສາບ (sāp), Shan သၢပ်ႇ (sàap), Bouyei saabt.

      Noun

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      sap (Sawndip form 𫊷, 1957–1982 spelling sap)

      1. cockroach

      Etymology 2

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      (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

      Verb

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      sap (1957–1982 spelling sap)

      1. to wear shoes with the heels stepping down on the back of the shoes
      Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=sap&oldid=88290789"