User:Victar/Reflexes/Proto-Shughni
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Reflexes[edit]
| PIr | pre-PSYM | PSYM | MY | PShY | PShS | Sar. | PShR | B | O | R | X | Sh | Bj | Examples | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | Y | PIr | pre-SYM | PSYM | Munj.-Yidgh. | PShY | Yazgh | PShS | Sarik. | PShR | Shugh.-Rosh. | ||||||||||||||
| *a | *ə[1] | *u[V 1] | *u | u | u | *u | ō | ū | ō | ū | *baxtáh (“evil spirit”) | *bəǧdɨ́ > *buǧdɨ́ | *búyd | [Term?] | [Term?] | voyd | [Term?]̄ | BX vōyd, RShBj vūyd | |||||||
| o | aw | āw | ōw | ū | ū̊[V 2] | *HámarnaH (“apple”) | *ámərṇa > *ámuṣ̌ṇa | *ǽmūṇæ | Y åmúṇo | *mǣ́wn | mawn | *mǣ́wn ǖ́ | mon | *mø̄́wn | XBO mōwn, R māwn, Sh mūn, Bj mū̊n | ||||||||||
| *ū[V 3] | ū | ū | *ū | u | *ū | ō | ū | ō | ū | *parnám (“feather”) | *pərṇú > *puṣ̌ṇú | *pūṇú | Y pūṇä | *pū́n | půn | *pū́n | pun | *pū́n | Sh pūn | ||||||
| *a | *æ[V 4] | *æ | ẹ ‹a› | *æ | ẹ ‹e› | *ø | ȫ | ǖ | o | ī | *kátah (“house”) | *kádɨ | *ḱǽd | MY ḱay | *ḱǽd | kůd | *čǿd | čed | *čǿd | B čō̈d, O čǖd, RX čod, Sh čīd | |||||
| ǖ | o | ī | ǖ | *hwásruš (“mother-in-law”) | *xáuṣ̌u > *xū́ṣ̌u | *xū́ṣ̌u | M xuṣ̌á, xuṣ̌ə́ (Y xᵘšō) | *xʷǽx̌ | xůx̌ | *xǽx̌ | xex̌ | *xøx̌ | BOBj xǖx̌, XR xox̌, R xax̌, Sh xīx̌ | ||||||||||||
| *i[V 5] | i | *zámičiH (“field”) | *záiməčī > *zīmč́i | *zímč́ | MY zaxmo | *zímč́ | zamč | *zímc | zemc, zimc | *zímc | zimc | ||||||||||||||
| *ī[V 6] | [ɔ] | *ī | i | *ī | ī | *pánča (“five”) | *pǽnǰ | *pǽnǰ | M pōnǰ, Y pānš, | *pénǰ | penǰ | *pīnǰ | pinǰ | *pīnǰ | pīnǰ | ||||||||||
| *ā[V 3] | *ā | o | *ā | ā | *damaH (“back (body)”) | *dāma | *dām | *dām | dām | *dām | dom | *dām | BORXSh dām | ||||||||||||
| *ā[V 3] | *ǣ | ọ̄ ‹ō› | a | *ǣ | e | *ǣ | ē | ī | ā | ē | *čášmā (“eye”) | *čā́ma | *č́ǣ́mæ | M čōm, Y čam | *č́ǣ́m | čām, čam | *č́ǣ́m | cem | *č́ǣ́m | BShBj cēm, O cīm, RX cām | |||||
| *ai[V 7] | *ī | *ī | *ī | i | *ī | ī | *ȷ́áritah (“pale”) | *záirdɨ > *zī́rdɨ | *zī́rd | M zit, Y zīt | *zī́rd | zard | *zī́rd | zird | *zī́rd | zīrd | |||||||||
| *au[V 7] | *ū | *ū | *ū | ы | *ū | ū | ū | *párukah (“mouse”) | *páurəgɨ > *pū́rgɨ | *pū́rg | M porǧ, Y pårǧ | *pū́rg | purg | *pū́rg | pыrg, půrg | *pū́rg | RXSh pūrg | ||||||||
| *ā[V 3] | *ǣ | *ǣ | ọ ‹ā› | *ǣ | u | *ø̄ | ō | ō | *bráHtah (“brother”) | *vrā́dɨ | *vᵊrǣ́d | M vrāī, Y vᵊrai | *vᵊrǣ́d | vᵊred | *vⁱrø̄́d | virud | *vⁱrø̄́d | BOSh virōd | |||||||
| *ǣ | *ǣ | ɛ | *ǣ | a | i | *framaHyáti (“to order”) | *frəmāyádɨ | *frᵊmāyd | *frᵊmāyd | x̌amayd | *rⁱmāyd | rimɛyd | *rⁱmāyd | B rimiyd, BORX rimayd, ShBj rimid, rimiyd | |||||||||||
| *ā | *ā | *ǣ | *ǣ | ọ̄ ‹ō› | *ǣ | u | *ø̄ | ō | ū̊[V 8] | *Hnā́ma (“name”) | *nā́m | *nǣ́m | M nōm Y nā́m | *nǣ́m | nəm | *nø̄́m | num | *nø̄́m | BR nōm, Sh nū̊m | ||||||
| *ȷ́ā́nu (“knee”) | *zǣ́n | *zǣ́n | zən | *zǣ́n | zun | *zǣ́n | BOR zōn, Sh zū̊n | ||||||||||||||||||
| ō | ǣ | ɛ̄ | *pā́ršnah (“heel”) | *pā́rni > *pā́rn + *-ak | *pǣ́rnak | *pǣ́rnak | *pǣ́rnak | *pø̄́rnak | BO pōrnak, R pērnak, Sh pɛ̄rnak | ||||||||||||||||
| ɛ | *ǣ | a | ā | ō | ō | *gā́waH (“cow”) | *ǧ́ǣ́wæ | M ǧṓwa, Y ǧavo | *ǧ́ǣ́w | ǧεw | *žǣ́w | žεw, žaw | *žǣ́w | BO žāw, RXSh žōw | |||||||||||
| *frāwayáti | [Term?] | [Term?] | fərawd | [Term?] | [Term?] | R firēwd, Bj firāwd, Sh firɛ̄wd | |||||||||||||||||||
| *aw | *ō | *ụ̄ [ʊː] | ū | *ụ̄ | ɛw | *ụ̄ | ū | ū | ū̊ | *ráwgnah (“butter”) | *rū́ǧnɨ | *rū́ǧn | M rūɣn, Y rūɣən | *rū́ǧn | roɣn | *rū́ǧn | rɛwn | *rū́ǧn | rūnxax̌č, růnxax̌č | ||||||
| *ćáwkaH (“tale”) | *sụ̄́gæ | M sūgo, Y suǧiko | *sụ̄́g | *sụ̄́g | sɛwg, sawg | *sụ̄́g | BORX sūg, Sh sū̊g | ||||||||||||||||||
| *táwxmā (“seed”) | *tṓǧma | *tụ̄́ǧmæ | M tuǧm [tuɣm] | *tụ̄́ǧm | tǧɪmaj | *tụ̄́ǧm | teǧm | *tụ̄́ǧm | BR tūǧm, Sh tū̊ǧm | ||||||||||||||||
| ū[V 9] | *ćráwniš (“buttocks”) | *ṣ̌ṓni | *ṣ̌ụ̄́nə | M šina, Y šino | *ṣ̌ụ̄́n | *x̌ụ̄́n | x̌ɛwn, x̌awn | *x̌ụ̄́n | BXRSh x̌ūn, O x̌un | ||||||||||||||||
| ō[V 10] | ū̊ | *gáwšah (“ear”) | *ǧṓṣ̌i | *ǧụ̄́ṣ̌ | M ǧūy [ɣuːj ~ ɣʊj], ǧū | *ǧụ̄́ǧ | ǧəvon | *ǧụ̄́ǧ | ǧɛwl | *ǧụ̄́ǧ | R ǧōw, B ǧū, O ǧūy, Sh ǧū̊ǧ | ||||||||||||||
| *ay | *ē | *ē | *ē | ɛy | *ē | ī | ē | *xʷáydah (“sweat”) | *xʷḗδɨ | *xʷḗδ | M xalá, Y xūl, xul | *x̌ʷḗδ | x̌ʷiδ | *x̌ḗδ | x̌ɛyδ | *x̌ḗδ | BR xīδ, Sh x̌ēδ | ||||||||
| ī[V 9] | *xšaynah (“blue”) | *xʷḗnɨ | *xʷḗn | *x̌ʷḗn | šin | *x̌ḗn | x̌ɛyn | *x̌ḗn | RSh x̌īn | ||||||||||||||||
| *ǣ[V 10] | *ǣ | ɛ | *ǣ | ā | ǣ | a | *máyšaH (“sheep”) | *mā́ṣ̌a | *mǣ́ǧæ | Y mūo | *mǣ́ǧ | maw | *mǣ́ǧ | mɛwl | *mǣ́ǧ | BO māw, XR mēw, Sh maǧ, Bj maw | |||||||||
| *ī[V 11] | *ī | ī | *ī | ī | *áywah (“one”) | *ī́wɨ | *ī́w | yū | *ī́w | *ī́w | īw, ī | *ī́w | BShR yīw, īw | ||||||||||||
| *i | *ɨ | *ə | *ə | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | |||||||||||||||||
| *i[V 4] | *i | i | *i | i | *píštah (“crushed”) | *píštɨ | *píšt | *píx̌t | pax̌t | *píx̌t | pax̌t | *píx̌t | BRSh pix̌t | ||||||||||||
| *ī, *iH | *ī | *ī | *i | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | |||||||||||||||||
| *u | *ʉ | *ə | ʊ(ː)~ɔw | *ə | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | ||||||||||||||||
| *ǣ[V 12] | ɛ | *ǣ | a | ā | ō | ō | *ćruwáh (“horn”) | *ṣ̌əwɨ́ | *ṣ̌ə́w | M ṣ̌əw, Y šu | *x̌ǣ́w | x̌ow | *x̌ǣ́w | x̌ɛw, x̌aw | *x̌ǣ́w | XR x̌aw, x̌āw | |||||||||
| *u[V 4] | *u | *u | *u[V 4] | ы | *ụ | u | *kútah (“dog”) | *kúdɨ | *kúd | *kúd | kʷod | *kúd | kыd | *kúd | kud | ||||||||||
| *ī[V 5] | *ī | e | *ī | ī | *súptiš (“shoulder”) | *súvdi | *sī́vd | Y suvdo | *sī́vd | *sī́vd | sevd | *sī́vd | BXSh sīvd, R sivd | ||||||||||||
| *ū, *uH | *ū | iː~ʊj | *ū | *ū | ū̊ | *ū | ū | *duHtáh (“smoke”) | *δūdɨ́ | *δūd | M lïy, Y lūi | *δūd | δod | *δūd | δū̊d | *δūd | XRSh δūd | ||||||||
| *u | a | *a | a | *būzaH (“goat”) | *vūsa | *vūzæ | vusa | *vaz | vaz | *vaz | vaz | *vaz | BRSh vaz | ||||||||||||
| *r̥ | *ar | *ər | *ər | *ər | *ər | *Hŕ̥šah (“bear”) | ŕ̥ši > ə́rši | *ə́rš | Y yarš, yerš | [Term?] | yůrx̌ | [Term?] | yыrx | [Term?] | BXSh yūrx̌, R yurx̌ | ||||||||||
| e | *ūr[V 13] | ū | u | ū | *kr̥dúš (“crooked”) | *ḱæurδú > *čūrδú | *čū́rδ | [Term?] | *čǿrδ | čerδ | *čū́rδ | B čūrδ, R čurδ, Sh čūrδ | |||||||||||||
| e | *ūr[V 14] | ū | u | ū | *kr̥náwti (“to do”) | *ḱæurṇụ̄́di > *ḱūṣ̌ṇụ̄́di | *čūṇụ̄́d | M kənd, Y kend | [Term?] | kʷənd | *čǿd | kand | *čū́d | BRX kinūd, ShBj kinū̊d | |||||||||||
- Notes
Orthography[edit]
| IPA | Wiktionary | Sokolova (1967) | Morgenstierne (1974) | Edelman (1980) | Karamshoev (1999) | Steblin (1999) | Rastorgueva (2000) | Novak (2013) | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a ~ æ | а (a) | æ | a | æ | а (a) | æ | æ | æ | x з̌ар (žar /dzar/, “stone”) (š з̌ӣр (žīr /dziːr/), rbo з̌ер (žēr /dzeːr/)) |
| ɑː ~ ɔː | а̄ (ā) | ā | ā | a | а̄ (ā) | ā | ā | ā | да̄м (dām, “upper back”) х̌а̄б (x̌āb /χaːb/, “night”) |
| ɛ ~ e | е̣ (ẹ) | ä | е̣ (ẹ) | b [script needed] (čärδōč, “sparrow”) | |||||
| ə | е̂ (ê) | ɛ̄ | ǟ | ê | е̂ (ê) | ê | ê | ɛ̄ | х̌ите̂рҷ (x̌itêrǰ /χɪˈtərdʒ/, “star”) (xr х̌итерҷ (x̌itērǰ /χɪteːrdʒ/), х̌итурҷ (x̌iturǰ /χɪturdʒ/), ob х̌иторҷ (x̌itōrǰ /χɪtoːrdʒ/))ː |
| eː | е (ē) | ē | ē | ē | е (ē) | ē | ē | ē | цем (cēm /tseːm/, “eye”) (ob цӣм (cīm /tsiːm/), x ца̄м (cām /tsaːm/)) |
| ɪ ~ i | и (i) | i | i | и (i) | пид (pid /pɪd/, “father”) | ||||
| iː | ӣ (ī) | ī | ī | ī | ӣ (ī) | ī | ī | ī | сӣвд (sīvd /siːvd/, “shoulder”) (r сивд (sivd /sɪvd/) з̌ӣр (žīr /dziːr/, “stone”) (x з̌ар (žar /dzar/), rbo [script needed] (žer)) |
| ɔ ~ o | о̣ (ọ) | ȫ | ö | о̣ (ọ) | ö | ö | ȫ | ro [script needed] (cöd, “house”) (š цӣд (cīd /tsiːd/), xr цод (cōd /tsoːd/)) | |
| oː | о (ō) | ō | ō | о (ō) | o | ō | йоғ̌ҷ (yōɣ̌ǰ /joːʁdʒ/, “flour”) (xbo йов̌ҷ (yōwǰ /joːwdʒ/), r йа̄в̌ҷ (yāwǰ /jaːwdʒ/)) | ||
| u | у (u) | u | у (u) | рух (rux /ruχ/, “dawn”) (b рухн (ruxn), o [script needed] (rọxm)) | |||||
| yː | ӯ (ū) | ū | ū | ӯ (ū) | ū | ū | в̌ӯрҷ (wūrǰ /wyːrdʒ/, “wolf”) (r в̌урҷ (wurǰ /wyrdʒ/)) | ||
| ɵ | у̊ (ū̊) | ū̊ | ů | ū̊ | у̊ (ū̊) | ů | ů | ů̄ | цибу̊д (cibū̊d /tsɪˈbɵd/, “pigeon”) (r цибӯд (cibūd /tsɪbyːd/), bo цабӯд (cabūd /tsabyːd/)) |
| ǖ | û | ö | ǖ |
References[edit]
- ^ Sokolova, V. S. (1967) Genetičeskije otnošenija jazguljamskovo jazyka i šugnanskoj jazykovoj gruppy [The Genetic Relationships of the Yazgulam Language and the Shugnan Language Group], Leningrad, § 118, page 82
- ^ Sokolova, V. S. (1967) Genetičeskije otnošenija jazguljamskovo jazyka i šugnanskoj jazykovoj gruppy [The Genetic Relationships of the Yazgulam Language and the Shugnan Language Group], Leningrad, page 100