User:Victar/Reflexes/Proto-Shughni

Reflexes

PIr	pre-PSYM		PSYM	MY		PShY	PShS	Sar.	PShR	B	O	R	X	Sh	Bj	Examples
PIr	pre-PSYM		PSYM	M	Y	PShY	PShS	Sar.	PShR	B	O	R	X	Sh	Bj	PIr	pre-SYM	PSYM	Munj.-Yidgh.	PShY	Yazgh	PShS	Sarik.	PShR	Shugh.-Rosh.
*a	*ə^[1]	*u^{[V 1]}	*u	u	u	*u				ō		ū	ō	ū		*baxtáh (“evil spirit”)	bəǧdɨ́ > buǧdɨ́	*búyd		[Term?]		[Term?]	voyd	[Term?]̄	BX vōyd, RShBj vūyd
			*u	u	u	*u		o		aw	āw	ōw		ū	ū̊^{[V 2]}	*HámarnaH (“apple”)	ámərṇa > ámuṣ̌ṇa	*ǽmūṇæ	Y åmúṇo	*mǣ́wn	mawn	*mǣ́wn ǖ́	mon	*mø̄́wn	XBO mōwn, R māwn, Sh mūn, Bj mū̊n
			*ū^{[V 3]}	ū	ū	*ū		u	*ū	ō	ū		ō	ū		*parnám (“feather”)	pərṇú > puṣ̌ṇú	*pūṇú	Y pūṇä	*pū́n	půn	*pū́n	pun	*pū́n	Sh pūn
	*a	*æ^{[V 4]}	*æ	ẹ ‹a›		*æ		ẹ ‹e›	*ø	ȫ	ǖ	o		ī		*kátah (“house”)	*kádɨ	*ḱǽd	MY ḱay	*ḱǽd	kůd	*čǿd	čed	*čǿd	B čō̈d, O čǖd, RX čod, Sh čīd
									*ø	ǖ		o		ī	ǖ	*hwásruš (“mother-in-law”)	xáuṣ̌u > xū́ṣ̌u	*xū́ṣ̌u	M xuṣ̌á, xuṣ̌ə́ (Y xᵘšō)	*xʷǽx̌	xůx̌	*xǽx̌	xex̌	*xøx̌	BOBj xǖx̌, XR xox̌, R xax̌, Sh xīx̌
									*i^{[V 5]}	i						*zámičiH (“field”)	záiməčī > zīmč́i	*zímč́	MY zaxmo	*zímč́	zamč	*zímc	zemc, zimc	*zímc	zimc
			*ī^{[V 6]}	[ɔ]		*ī		i	*ī	ī						*pánča (“five”)	*pǽnǰ	*pǽnǰ	M pōnǰ, Y pānš,	*pénǰ	penǰ	*pīnǰ	pinǰ	*pīnǰ	pīnǰ
			*ā^{[V 3]}			*ā	o	*ā		ā						*damaH (“back (body)”)	*dāma	*dām		*dām	dām	*dām	dom	*dām	BORXSh dām
	*ā^{[V 3]}	*ǣ		ọ̄ ‹ō›	a	*ǣ		e	*ǣ	ē	ī	ā		ē		*čášmā (“eye”)	*čā́ma	*č́ǣ́mæ	M čōm, Y čam	*č́ǣ́m	čām, čam	*č́ǣ́m	cem	*č́ǣ́m	BShBj cēm, O cīm, RX cām
	*ai^{[V 7]}	*ī	*ī			*ī		i	*ī	ī						*ȷ́áritah (“pale”)	záirdɨ > zī́rdɨ	*zī́rd	M zit, Y zīt	*zī́rd	zard	*zī́rd	zird	*zī́rd	zīrd
	*au^{[V 7]}	*ū	*ū			*ū		ы	*ū			ū		ū		*párukah (“mouse”)	páurəgɨ > pū́rgɨ	*pū́rg	M porǧ, Y pårǧ	*pū́rg	purg	*pū́rg	pыrg, půrg	*pū́rg	RXSh pūrg
	*ā^{[V 3]}	*ǣ	*ǣ	ọ ‹ā›		*ǣ		u	*ø̄	ō				ō		*bráHtah (“brother”)	*vrā́dɨ	*vᵊrǣ́d	M vrāī, Y vᵊrai	*vᵊrǣ́d	vᵊred	*vⁱrø̄́d	virud	*vⁱrø̄́d	BOSh virōd
	*ā^{[V 3]}	*ǣ	*ǣ			*ǣ		ɛ	*ǣ	a				i		*framaHyáti (“to order”)	*frəmāyádɨ	*frᵊmāyd		*frᵊmāyd	x̌amayd	*rⁱmāyd	rimɛyd	*rⁱmāyd	B rimiyd, BORX rimayd, ShBj rimid, rimiyd
*ā	*ā	*ǣ	*ǣ	ọ̄ ‹ō›		*ǣ		u	*ø̄	ō				ū̊^{[V 8]}		*Hnā́ma (“name”)	*nā́m	*nǣ́m	M nōm Y nā́m	*nǣ́m	nəm	*nø̄́m	num	*nø̄́m	BR nōm, Sh nū̊m
								u	*ø̄	ō				ū̊^{[V 8]}		*ȷ́ā́nu (“knee”)		*zǣ́n		*zǣ́n	zən	*zǣ́n	zun	*zǣ́n	BOR zōn, Sh zū̊n
										ō		ǣ		ɛ̄		*pā́ršnah (“heel”)	pā́rni > pā́rn + *-ak	*pǣ́rnak		*pǣ́rnak		*pǣ́rnak		*pø̄́rnak	BO pōrnak, R pērnak, Sh pɛ̄rnak
								ɛ	*ǣ	a	ā	ō		ō		*gā́waH (“cow”)		*ǧ́ǣ́wæ	M ǧṓwa, Y ǧavo	*ǧ́ǣ́w	ǧεw	*žǣ́w	žεw, žaw	*žǣ́w	BO žāw, RXSh žōw
																*frāwayáti		[Term?]		[Term?]	fərawd	[Term?]		[Term?]	R firēwd, Bj firāwd, Sh firɛ̄wd
*aw	*ō	*ụ̄ [ʊː]	ū			*ụ̄		ɛw	*ụ̄	ū		ū		ū̊		*ráwgnah (“butter”)	*rū́ǧnɨ	*rū́ǧn	M rūɣn, Y rūɣən	*rū́ǧn	roɣn	*rū́ǧn	rɛwn	*rū́ǧn	rūnxax̌č, růnxax̌č
																*ćáwkaH (“tale”)		*sụ̄́gæ	M sūgo, Y suǧiko	*sụ̄́g		*sụ̄́g	sɛwg, sawg	*sụ̄́g	BORX sūg, Sh sū̊g
																*táwxmā (“seed”)	*tṓǧma	*tụ̄́ǧmæ	M tuǧm [tuɣm]	*tụ̄́ǧm	tǧɪmaj	*tụ̄́ǧm	teǧm	*tụ̄́ǧm	BR tūǧm, Sh tū̊ǧm
														ū^{[V 9]}		*ćráwniš (“buttocks”)	*ṣ̌ṓni	*ṣ̌ụ̄́nə	M šina, Y šino	*ṣ̌ụ̄́n		*x̌ụ̄́n	x̌ɛwn, x̌awn	*x̌ụ̄́n	BXRSh x̌ūn, O x̌un
												ō^{[V 10]}		ū̊		*gáwšah (“ear”)	*ǧṓṣ̌i	*ǧụ̄́ṣ̌	M ǧūy [ɣuːj ~ ɣʊj], ǧū	*ǧụ̄́ǧ	ǧəvon	*ǧụ̄́ǧ	ǧɛwl	*ǧụ̄́ǧ	R ǧōw, B ǧū, O ǧūy, Sh ǧū̊ǧ
*ay	*ē		*ē			*ē		ɛy	*ē	ī				ē		*xʷáydah (“sweat”)	*xʷḗδɨ	*xʷḗδ	M xalá, Y xūl, xul	*x̌ʷḗδ	x̌ʷiδ	*x̌ḗδ	x̌ɛyδ	*x̌ḗδ	BR xīδ, Sh x̌ēδ
			*ē			*ē		ɛy	*ē	ī				ī^{[V 9]}		*xšaynah (“blue”)	*xʷḗnɨ	*xʷḗn		*x̌ʷḗn	šin	*x̌ḗn	x̌ɛyn	*x̌ḗn	RSh x̌īn
			*ǣ^{[V 10]}			*ǣ		ɛ	*ǣ	ā		ǣ		a		*máyšaH (“sheep”)	*mā́ṣ̌a	*mǣ́ǧæ	Y mūo	*mǣ́ǧ	maw	*mǣ́ǧ	mɛwl	*mǣ́ǧ	BO māw, XR mēw, Sh maǧ, Bj maw
			*ī^{[V 11]}			*ī		ī	*ī	ī						*áywah (“one”)	*ī́wɨ	*ī́w	yū	*ī́w		*ī́w	īw, ī	*ī́w	BShR yīw, īw
*i	*ɨ	*ə				*ə										[Term?]		[Term?]		[Term?]		[Term?]		[Term?]
*i	*ɨ	*i^{[V 4]}				*i		i	*i	i						*píštah (“crushed”)	*píštɨ	*píšt		*píx̌t	pax̌t	*píx̌t	pax̌t	*píx̌t	BRSh pix̌t
ī, iH	*ī					*ī	*i	i	*i	i						[Term?]		[Term?]		[Term?]		[Term?]		[Term?]
*u	*ʉ	*ə		ʊ(ː)~ɔw		*ə										[Term?]		[Term?]		[Term?]		[Term?]		[Term?]
	*ʉ	*ə		ʊ(ː)~ɔw		*ǣ^{[V 12]}		ɛ	*ǣ	a	ā	ō		ō		*ćruwáh (“horn”)	*ṣ̌əwɨ́	*ṣ̌ə́w	M ṣ̌əw, Y šu	*x̌ǣ́w	x̌ow	*x̌ǣ́w	x̌ɛw, x̌aw	*x̌ǣ́w	XR x̌aw, x̌āw
	*u^{[V 4]}		*u			*u	*u^{[V 4]}	ы	*ụ	u						*kútah (“dog”)	*kúdɨ	*kúd		*kúd	kʷod	*kúd	kыd	*kúd	kud
	*u^{[V 4]}		*ī^{[V 5]}			*ī		e	*ī	ī						*súptiš (“shoulder”)	*súvdi	*sī́vd	Y suvdo	*sī́vd		*sī́vd	sevd	*sī́vd	BXSh sīvd, R sivd
ū, uH	*ū			iː~ʊj		*ū	*ū	ū̊	*ū	ū						*duHtáh (“smoke”)	*δūdɨ́	*δūd	M lïy, Y lūi	*δūd	δod	*δūd	δū̊d	*δūd	XRSh δūd
ū, uH	*ū			iː~ʊj		*ū	*u	a	*a	a						*būzaH (“goat”)	*vūsa	*vūzæ	vusa	*vaz	vaz	*vaz	vaz	*vaz	BRSh vaz
*r̥	*ar		*ər			*ər	*ər		*ər							*Hŕ̥šah (“bear”)	ŕ̥ši > ə́rši	*ə́rš	Y yarš, yerš	[Term?]	yůrx̌	[Term?]	yыrx	[Term?]	BXSh yūrx̌, R yurx̌
								e	*ūr^{[V 13]}	ū		u		ū		*kr̥dúš (“crooked”)	ḱæurδú > čūrδú	*čū́rδ		[Term?]		*čǿrδ	čerδ	*čū́rδ	B čūrδ, R čurδ, Sh čūrδ
								e	*ūr^{[V 14]}	ū		u		ū		*kr̥náwti (“to do”)	ḱæurṇụ̄́di > ḱūṣ̌ṇụ̄́di	*čūṇụ̄́d	M kənd, Y kend	[Term?]	kʷənd	*čǿd	kand	*čū́d	BRX kinūd, ShBj kinū̊d

Notes

^ *ə > *u / C_[+labial]_
^ C_C
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 *V > V̄ /_∅ < {C,H}]_σ
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 _[+stress]
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 _C{*i,*y}
^ *æ > *ī / _{*δ,*n,*r}
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 a > ${\begin{Bmatrix}ai\\au\end{Bmatrix}}$ /C₀ ${\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{I}}\\{\text{U}}\end{Bmatrix}}$
^ _N
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 _n
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 _š
^ #_
^ *ə > *ǣ / _Y^[2]
^ _C
^ _C

Orthography

IPA	Wiktionary	Sokolova (1967)	Morgenstierne (1974)	Edelman (1980)	Karamshoev (1999)	Steblin (1999)	Rastorgueva (2000)	Novak (2013)	Example
a ~ æ	а (a)	æ	a	æ	а (a)	æ	æ	æ	x з̌ар (žar /⁠dzar⁠⁠/, “stone”) (š з̌ӣр (žīr /⁠dziːr⁠/), rbo з̌ер (žēr /⁠dzeːr⁠⁠/))
ɑː ~ ɔː	а̄ (ā)	ā	ā	a	а̄ (ā)	ā	ā	ā	да̄м (dām, “upper back”) х̌а̄б (x̌āb /⁠χaːb⁠/, “night”)
ɛ ~ e	е̣ (ẹ)		ä		е̣ (ẹ)				b [script needed] (čärδōč, “sparrow”)
ə	е̂ (ê)	ɛ̄	ǟ	ê	е̂ (ê)	ê	ê	ɛ̄	х̌ите̂рҷ (x̌itêrǰ /⁠χɪˈtərdʒ⁠/, “star”) (xr х̌итерҷ (x̌itērǰ /⁠χɪteːrdʒ⁠/), х̌итурҷ (x̌iturǰ /⁠χɪturdʒ⁠⁠/), ob х̌иторҷ (x̌itōrǰ /⁠χɪtoːrdʒ⁠/))ː
eː	е (ē)	ē	ē	ē	е (ē)	ē	ē	ē	цем (cēm /⁠⁠tseːm⁠/, “eye”) (ob цӣм (cīm /⁠⁠tsiːm⁠/), x ца̄м (cām /⁠⁠tsaːm⁠/))
ɪ ~ i	и (i)	i	i		и (i)				пид (pid /⁠pɪd⁠/, “father”)
iː	ӣ (ī)	ī	ī	ī	ӣ (ī)	ī	ī	ī	сӣвд (sīvd /⁠siːvd⁠/, “shoulder”) (r сивд (sivd /⁠sɪvd⁠/) з̌ӣр (žīr /⁠dziːr⁠/, “stone”) (x з̌ар (žar /⁠dzar⁠⁠/), rbo [script needed] (žer))
ɔ ~ o	о̣ (ọ)	ȫ	ö		о̣ (ọ)	ö	ö	ȫ	ro [script needed] (cöd, “house”) (š цӣд (cīd /⁠tsiːd⁠/), xr цод (cōd /⁠tsoːd⁠/))
oː	о (ō)	ō	ō		о (ō)	o		ō	йоғ̌ҷ (yōɣ̌ǰ /⁠joːʁdʒ⁠/, “flour”) (xbo йов̌ҷ (yōwǰ /⁠joːwdʒ⁠⁠/), r йа̄в̌ҷ (yāwǰ /⁠jaːwdʒ⁠⁠/))
u	у (u)		u			у (u)			рух (rux /⁠ruχ⁠/, “dawn”) (b рухн (ruxn), o [script needed] (rọxm))
yː	ӯ (ū)	ū	ū		ӯ (ū)	ū		ū	в̌ӯрҷ (wūrǰ /⁠wyːrdʒ⁠/, “wolf”) (r в̌урҷ (wurǰ /⁠wyrdʒ⁠/))
ɵ	у̊ (ū̊)	ū̊	ů	ū̊	у̊ (ū̊)	ů	ů	ů̄	цибу̊д (cibū̊d /⁠tsɪˈbɵd⁠/, “pigeon”) (r цибӯд (cibūd /⁠tsɪbyːd⁠/), bo цабӯд (cabūd /⁠tsabyːd⁠/))
			ǖ			û	ö	ǖ

References

^ Sokolova, V. S. (1967) Genetičeskije otnošenija jazguljamskovo jazyka i šugnanskoj jazykovoj gruppy [The Genetic Relationships of the Yazgulam Language and the Shugnan Language Group], Leningrad, § 118, page 82
^ Sokolova, V. S. (1967) Genetičeskije otnošenija jazguljamskovo jazyka i šugnanskoj jazykovoj gruppy [The Genetic Relationships of the Yazgulam Language and the Shugnan Language Group], Leningrad, page 100

[[+labial]_-2] *ə > *u / C_[+labial]_

[3] C_C

[open-4] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 *V > V̄ /_∅ < {C,H}]_σ

[_[+stress]-5] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 _[+stress]

[_Ci-6] 5.0 ^5.1 _C{*i,*y}

[_δnr-7] *æ > *ī / _{*δ,*n,*r}

[umlaut-8] 7.0 ^7.1 a > ${\begin{Bmatrix}ai\\au\end{Bmatrix}}$ /C₀ ${\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{I}}\\{\text{U}}\end{Bmatrix}}$

[9] _N

[_n-10] 9.0 ^9.1 _n

[_š-11] 10.0 ^10.1 _š

[12] #_

[əYēY-14] *ə > *ǣ / _Y^[2]

[15] _C

[16] _C

[1] Sokolova, V. S. (1967) Genetičeskije otnošenija jazguljamskovo jazyka i šugnanskoj jazykovoj gruppy [The Genetic Relationships of the Yazgulam Language and the Shugnan Language Group], Leningrad, § 118, page 82

[13] Sokolova, V. S. (1967) Genetičeskije otnošenija jazguljamskovo jazyka i šugnanskoj jazykovoj gruppy [The Genetic Relationships of the Yazgulam Language and the Shugnan Language Group], Leningrad, page 100

[1]

[V 1]

[V 2]

[V 3]

[V 4]

[V 5]

[V 6]

[V 7]

[V 8]

[V 9]

[V 10]

[V 11]

[V 12]

[V 13]

[V 14]

[2]

User:Victar/Reflexes/Proto-Shughni

Reflexes

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