User:Xbypass/Draft

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This is my personal draft for entry. --Xbypass (talk) 21:01, 27 October 2018 (UTC)

General Draft[edit]

==Indonesian==
{{wikipedia||lang=id}}

===Etymology===
From //, from//.
Inherited words, Borrowings, Affixation and compounds, Back-formations, Blends, Calques

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|/abonəmɛn/||lang=id}}
* {{hyphenation|abo|nê|mèn|lang=id}}
* {{homophones|cymbal|lang=id}}

===Noun===
{{head|id|noun}}
# {{lb|id|possibly|vulgar|literally}} {{vern|large bamboo rat}} ({{taxlink|Rhizomys sumatrensis|species|ver=181026}}).-->
{{lb}} usage: alternative spellings, words, inflected forms: 
#: {{syn|id|menyanggah|menyanggah|menyangkal}}

====Usage notes====

====Alternative forms====
====Synonyms====
* {{l}}
* {{synonym of|ill|lang=en}}.
* {{sense|unwell of health}}
====Antonyms====
====Hypernyms====
====Hyponyms====
====Coordinate terms====
====Derived terms====
{{der2|lang=id|
| test
|}}
====Related terms====
{{rel2|lang=id|
| test
|}}
====Descendants====
{{desc3|lang=id|
|{{desctree|ang|dēaþ}}
|{{desc|fy|dead}}
|{{desc|nl|dood}}
|{{desc|de|Tod}}
|{{desctree|goh|tōd}}
}}
====Translations====
===References===
===Further reading===
* {{R:KBBI Daring}}
----

Specific Information[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed or inherited words[edit]

|alt=, |t=, |tr=, |pos=, |g1=, |g2=, |lit=
  • {{inh}}. This means that they have developed from an earlier form of the language which may or may not have gone by the same name.
  • {{inh|en|gem-pro|*dagaz||day}}. Reconstructed words.
  • {{bor|id|nl|abonnement|t=subscription}}. direct borrowing:
  • {{der|en|LL.|apostolus}}. non-direct
  • compare: .
Compare {{m|es|palabra}}

Word formation[edit]

Affixation and compounds[edit]
Note[edit]
  • |t1=, |t2= (gloses)
  • |tr1=, |tr2= (transliteration)
  • |alt1=, |alt2= (alternate)
  • |pos1=, |pos2= (part of speech)
  • |nocat=1 (supress categorisation)
example 1[edit]
{{prefix|id|meng|{{prefix|id|per|ketat}}|nocat=1}}
[[category:Indonesian words prefixed with meng-]]
example 2[edit]
From circumfix form {{circumfix|id|meng-|garis bawah|-i}}, constructed from prefix and suffix {{confix|id|meng-|garis bawah|-i}}.
Back-formations[edit]

{{back-form}}

Blends[edit]

Brunch is a blend of breakfast and lunch. {{blend}}

Calques[edit]
{{[[template:calque|calque]]|en|de|Antikörper|nocap=1}} |notext=1
Clipping[edit]
{{clipping|automobile|lang=en|nocap=1|nodot=1|gloss1=|tr1=|alt1=}}

Language Specific[edit]

Chinese[edit]

{{zh-l|FORM|gloss=Gloss|lit=Literal meaning|tr=Transliteration}}

[Etymology Classification][edit]

Category:

  • Indonesian blends: Indonesian words formed by combinations of other words.
  • Indonesian borrowed terms: Indonesian terms that are loanwords, i.e. words that were directly incorporated from another language.
  • Indonesian calques: Indonesian terms formed by piece-by-piece translations of terms from other languages.
  • Indonesian words by circumfix
  • Indonesian clippings: Indonesian words that were formed from another word by removing part of it, but without changing the part of speech.
  • Indonesian compound words: Indonesian words composed of two or more stems.
  • Indonesian doublets: Indonesian terms that trace their etymology from ultimately the same source as other terms in the same language, but by different routes, and often with subtly or substantially different meanings.
  • Indonesian words by infix: Indonesian words categorized by their infixes.
  • Indonesian inherited terms: Indonesian terms that were inherited from an earlier stage of the language.
  • Indonesian neologisms: Indonesian terms that have been only recently acknowledged.
  • Indonesian onomatopoeias: Indonesian words that were coined to sound like what they represent.
  • Indonesian words by prefix: Indonesian words categorized by their prefixes.
  • Indonesian reduplications: Indonesian terms that underwent reduplication, so their origin involved a repetition of roots or stems.
  • Indonesian words by suffix: Indonesian words categorized by their suffixes.
  • Indonesian terms by PIE root: Indonesian terms categorized by the Proto-Indo-European root they originate from.
  • Indonesian terms derived from other languages: Indonesian terms that originate from other languages.
  • Indonesian terms with unknown etymologies: Indonesian terms whose etymologies have not yet been established.

Pronunciation[edit]

Indonesian phonology & IPA[edit]

Source: wikipedia:Malay_phonology and wikipedia:Help:IPA/Malay

Consonants[edit]
Consonant phonemes of Standard Malay
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t t͡ʃ k (ʔ)
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless (f) (θ) s (ʃ) (x) h
voiced (v) (ð) (z) (ɣ)
Approximant l j w
Trill r

Orthographic note: The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except:

  • ɲ is written ny before a vowel, n before c and j
  • ŋ is written ng
  • the glottal stop [ʔ] is written as a final k or an apostrophe '
  • tʃ is written c
  • dʒ is written j
  • j is written y
  • ʃ is written sy
  • x is written kh
  • ɣ is written gh
  • ð is represented as z, the same as the z sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the ð sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with [z] sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers).
  • θ is represented as s, the same as the s sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the θ sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with [s] sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers). Previously (before 1972), this sound was written th in Standard Malay (not Indonesian).

Notes

  • /p/, /t/, /k/ are unaspirated, as in the Romance languages, or as in English spy, sty, sky. In word-final position, they are often unreleased, with final /k/ generally being realised as a glottal stop in native words. There is no liaison, that is, no audible release even when followed by a vowel in another word, as in kulit ubi ('tapioca skins'), though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix.
  • The glottal stop [ʔ] may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic derived words such as Al Qur'an.
  • /h/ is pronounced clearly between like vowels, as in Pahang. Elsewhere it is a very light sound, and is frequently silent, as in hutan ~ utan ('forest'), sahut ~ saut ('answer'). The exception to this tendency is initial /h/ from Arabic loans such as hakim ('judge').
  • /r/ varies significantly across dialects. In addition, its position relative to schwa is ambiguous: kertas ('paper') may be pronounced [krəˈtas] or [kərəˈtas]. The trill /r/ is sometimes reduced to a single vibration when single, making it phonetically a flap [ɾ], so that the pronunciation of a single /r/ varies between trill [r] and flap [ɾ].
  • /f/, /v/, /z/, and /ʃ/ only appear in loanwords. Some speakers pronounce /v/ in loanwords as [v], otherwise it is [f]. [z] can also be an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.

Loans from Arabic:

  • Phonemes which occur only in Arabic loans may be pronounced distinctly by speakers who know Arabic. Otherwise they tend to be substituted with native sounds.
Table of borrowed Arabic consonants
Distinct Assimilated Example
x k, h khabar [ˈhabar], kabar [ˈkabar] ('news')
ð d, l redha, rela ('good will')
/ðˁ/ l, z lohor, zohor ('noon prayer')
ɣ ɡ, r ghaib, raib ('hidden')
ʕ ʔ saat, sa'at ('time')
Vowels[edit]
Table of vowel phonemes of Indonesian
Front Central Back
Close [i]
i 		[u]
u
Close-Mid [e]
é 		[ə]
ê 		[o]
o
Open-Mid [ɛ]
è 		[ɔ]
o
Open [ä], /a/
a

Phonological notes:

  1. One source of variation in Malay is whether final /a/ in open final syllables of root morphemes (for example saya 'I') is pronounced as [a] or as [ə]. So called 'a varieties', such as Indonesian or the varieties of Sarawak, Sabah or Brunei, pronounce it as [a], while 'schwa varieties' such as peninsular Malaysian and the varieties of Singapore and Sumatra pronounce it as [ə].[1][2] In schwa varieties, /a/ of the penultimate syllable is also modified if it is followed by /h/, as in usaha [usəhə]. /a/ does not change to [ə] in singing.
  2. In closed final syllables of root morphemes, the front vowel /i/ and back vowel /u/ are usually pronounced as [e] and [o], respectively, in Malaysian (except East Malaysia) and Malay of Singapore and Sumatra (where the language is native), and [ɪ] and [ʊ] in Indonesian.
  3. The above allophony notwithstanding, the vowels [e] and [o] must be accorded phonemic status, as they occur in native words in all Malay dialects and in Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, English, Dutch, and Javanese loan words, and in foreign names. /e/ and /o/ may vary between different speakers as they are popularly pronounced as mid in Malaysian and close-mid in Indonesian. /i/ and /u/ are pronounced the same in Brunei and East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak).
  4. Some words borrowed from European languages have the vowels [ɛ] and [ɔ], such as pek [pɛk] ('pack') and kos [kɔs] ('cost'). Words borrowed earlier have a more nativized pronunciation, such as pesta ('fest'), which is pronounced [pestə]. In Indonesian, [ɛ] and [ɔ] are allophones of /e/ and /o/ in closed final syllables.
  5. Some district dialects differentiate close-mid and open-mid (front and back) vowels. Examples are in the Kedahan dialect:
    1. [modɛ] (modal) ('modal')
    2. [bɔrak] (bohong) ('lie')
  6. [ɑ] is an occasional allophone of /a/ after or before more carefully pronounced consonant from Arabic words. Example: qari [qɑri].
  7. Some district dialects differentiate open front and back vowels. Example: [ɡulaː]{{inconsistent (gulai, the Perak River dialect).
  8. There is also a [ɪ] in Indonesian but is an allophone of [i] during the second vowel in a hiatus such as air (water) [a. ʔɪr] but see below

Lemma[edit]

  • adjectives: Indonesian terms that give attributes to nouns, extending their definitions.
  • adverbs: Indonesian terms that modify clauses, sentences and phrases directly.
  • classifiers: Indonesian terms that classify nouns according to their meanings.
  • conjunctions: Indonesian terms that connect words, phrases or clauses together.
  • determiners: Indonesian terms that reference nouns, expressing their contexts directly.
  • interjections: Indonesian terms that express emotions, sounds, etc. as exclamations.
  • morphemes: Indonesian word-elements used to form full words.
  • nouns: Indonesian terms that indicate people, beings, things, places, phenomena, qualities or ideas.
  • numerals: Indonesian terms that quantify nouns.
  • particles: Indonesian terms that do not belong to any of the inflected grammatical word classes, often lacking their own grammatical functions and forming other parts of speech or expressing the relationship between clauses.
  • phrases: Indonesian groups of words elaborated to express ideas, not necessarily phrases in the grammatical sense.
  • prepositions: Indonesian adpositions that are placed before their objects.
  • pronouns: Indonesian terms that refer to and substitute nouns.
  • verbs: Indonesian terms that indicate actions, occurrences or states.

Usage notes[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

  • regional variations: color, colour; center, centre
  • historical variations: anæmia, anaemia; coördinate, coordinate
  • hyphenization/compounds: tea cup, tea-cup, teacup
  • style variation: naiveté, naïveté
  • uncertain capitalization: laser, LASER
  • different scripts: реч, reč (Serbo-Croatian for word)

Synonyms, Antonyms, Hypernyms, Hyponyms, Coordinate terms[edit]

  • Each listed synonym denotes the same as this entry.
* {{l|id|someme}}
* {{sense|unwell of health}}
* {{synonym of|ill|lang=en}} (synonym only)
  • Each listed antonym denotes the opposite of this entry.
  • Each listed hypernym is superordinate to this entry; This entry’s referent is a kind of that denoted by listed hypernym.
  • Each listed hyponym is subordinate to this entry; Each listed hyponym’s referent is a kind of that denoted by this entry.
  • Each listed coordinate term shares a hypernym with this entry.

Derived terms[edit]

List terms in the same language that are morphological derivatives. {{id-der}}

Related terms[edit]

List words in the same language that have strong etymological connections but aren’t derived terms.

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Link[edit]

Template:link 

* {{l|language code|page name|(optional) alternate text (no diacritics|t=gloss|tr=transciption non-Latin-script|pos=position|g=gender||lit=literal}}
  1. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ClynesDet2011
  2. ^ Asmah Haji Omar. (1977). The phonological diversity of the Malay dialects. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
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