brûler
French
Alternative forms
- bruler (1990 reform spelling)
Etymology
From Middle French brusler “to burn” from Old French brusler, bruller (“to burn”), a conflation of bruir (“to burn”) (from Frankish *brōjan (“to burn, scald”), from Proto-Germanic *brōaną “to scald”, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerw-, *bhrew- “to boil, seethe”), and usler (“to scorch”), from Latin ustulāre (“to scorch”). Compare also Italian bruciare, from a Vulgar Latin form *brusiāre, which is probably related, as well as brustolare. The initial br- has had other origins proposed, such as from a Gaulish source, or from a corruption of a form *combustulāre, from a change of prefix of ambustulāre, influenced by combustus. Akin to German brühen (“to scald”), Dutch broeien (“to heat”). More at broil, brew.
Pronunciation
Verb
brûler
- (transitive, intransitive) to burn
- La maison des voisins a brûlé.
- The neighbors' house has burnt down.
- Ils sont en train de brûler un tas de feuilles mortes.
- They are burning a heap of leaves.
- (reflexive) to burn oneself
- Je me suis brûlé avec une ampoule.
- I burnt myself on a light bulb.
Conjugation
infinitive | simple | brûler | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle or gerund1 | simple | brûlant /bʁy.lɑ̃/ | |||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
past participle | brûlé /bʁy.le/ | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | brûle /bʁyl/ |
brûles /bʁyl/ |
brûle /bʁyl/ |
brûlons /bʁy.lɔ̃/ |
brûlez /bʁy.le/ |
brûlent /bʁyl/ |
imperfect | brûlais /bʁy.lɛ/ |
brûlais /bʁy.lɛ/ |
brûlait /bʁy.lɛ/ |
brûlions /bʁy.ljɔ̃/ |
brûliez /bʁy.lje/ |
brûlaient /bʁy.lɛ/ | |
past historic2 | brûlai /bʁy.le/ |
brûlas /bʁy.la/ |
brûla /bʁy.la/ |
brûlâmes /bʁy.lam/ |
brûlâtes /bʁy.lat/ |
brûlèrent /bʁy.lɛʁ/ | |
future | brûlerai /bʁyl.ʁe/ |
brûleras /bʁyl.ʁa/ |
brûlera /bʁyl.ʁa/ |
brûlerons /bʁyl.ʁɔ̃/ |
brûlerez /bʁyl.ʁe/ |
brûleront /bʁyl.ʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | brûlerais /bʁyl.ʁɛ/ |
brûlerais /bʁyl.ʁɛ/ |
brûlerait /bʁyl.ʁɛ/ |
brûlerions /bʁy.lə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
brûleriez /bʁy.lə.ʁje/ |
brûleraient /bʁyl.ʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | brûle /bʁyl/ |
brûles /bʁyl/ |
brûle /bʁyl/ |
brûlions /bʁy.ljɔ̃/ |
brûliez /bʁy.lje/ |
brûlent /bʁyl/ |
imperfect2 | brûlasse /bʁy.las/ |
brûlasses /bʁy.las/ |
brûlât /bʁy.la/ |
brûlassions /bʁy.la.sjɔ̃/ |
brûlassiez /bʁy.la.sje/ |
brûlassent /bʁy.las/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | brûle /bʁyl/ |
— | brûlons /bʁy.lɔ̃/ |
brûlez /bʁy.le/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
Synonyms
- ardre (archaic)
Derived terms
Descendants
- Haitian Creole: boule
Further reading
- “brûler”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Norman
Alternative forms
- brulaïr (Guernsey)
Etymology
From Old French brusler (“to burn”).
Verb
brûler (gerund brûl'lie)
- French terms inherited from Middle French
- French terms derived from Middle French
- French terms inherited from Old French
- French terms derived from Old French
- French terms derived from Frankish
- French terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- French terms inherited from Latin
- French terms derived from Latin
- French 2-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French terms with audio links
- French lemmas
- French verbs
- French transitive verbs
- French intransitive verbs
- French terms with usage examples
- French reflexive verbs
- French verbs with conjugation -er
- French first group verbs
- Norman terms inherited from Old French
- Norman terms derived from Old French
- Norman lemmas
- Norman verbs
- Jersey Norman