garbh

Irish

Etymology

From Old Irish garb, from Proto-Celtic *garwos (compare Welsh garw (“coarse”)).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡɑɾˠəvˠ/
• IPA^(key): /ˈɡaɾˠəvˠ/
• IPA^(key): /ˈɡaɾˠuː/
• IPA^(key): /ˈɡaɾˠu/

Adjective

garbh (genitive singular masculine gairbh, genitive singular feminine gairbhe, plural garbha, comparative gairbhe)

1. rough
   1. uneven, rugged; coarse in texture
   2. coarse, gross
   3. ungentle, harsh, crude, violent
   4. unfinished, unpolished, inexact, approximate

Declension

Declension of garbh

	Singular		Plural (m/f)
Positive	Masculine	Feminine	(strong noun)	(weak noun)
Nominative	garbh	gharbh	garbha; gharbha²
Vocative	ghairbh		garbha
Genitive		gairbhe	garbha	garbh
Dative	garbh; gharbh¹	gharbh; ghairbh (archaic)	garbha; gharbha²
Comparative	níos gairbhe
Superlative	is gairbhe

¹ When the preceding noun is lenited and governed by the definite article.
² When the preceding noun ends in a slender consonant.

Derived terms

• garbh-bhéal m (“coarse mouth; coarse speech”)
• garbhaigh (“roughen; become rough”, verb)
• garbhanálú m (“rough breathing”)
• garbhán m (“coarse substance; coarse-grained object or person”)
• garbhchiumhaiseach (“rough-edged; deckle-edged”, adjective)
• garbhchloch f (“rough, uncut, stone”)
• garbhchríoch f (“rough boundary; rough region”)
• garbhchumtha (“rough-shaped; rugged-featured”, adjective)
• garbhdhéanta (“rough-made, coarse; rugged-featured”, adjective)
• garbhghlórach (“rough-spoken, raucous”, adjective)
• garbhghnúiseach (“rough-visaged”, adjective)
• garbhiarann m (“pig-iron”)
• garbhiasc m (“large sea-fish”)
• garbhlabhartha (“rough-spoken”, adjective)
• garbhlach m (“rough ground”)
• garbhlus m (“goose grass; catchweed, cleavers”)
• garbhóg f (“coarse object or person”)
• garbhphlána m (“jack-plane”)
• garbhshíon f (“rough weather”)
• garbhshnoigh (“rough-hew”, transitive verb)
• garbhtheilg (“rough-cast”, transitive verb)
• garbhuille m (“approach shot”)

 

Related terms

• adhgharbh (“very rough”, adjective)
• gairbhe f (“roughness, coarseness; grossness, largeness”)
• garbhadas m (“roughness, coarseness; violence; rough weather”)
• garbhánach m (“coarse-grained person; sea-bream”)
• garbhánta (“coarse-grained, coarse-fibred”, adjective)
• garbhántacht f (“coarseness (of grain, fibre); roughness, wildness”)
• garbhógach f (“club moss”)
• garbhtheilgean m (“rough-cast”)

 

Verb

garbh (present analytic garbhann, future analytic garbhfaidh, verbal noun garbhadh, past participle garfa)

1. (transitive, intransitive) Alternative form of garbhaigh (“roughen; become rough”)

Conjugation

conjugation of garbh (first conjugation – A)

		singular			plural			relative	autonomous
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	present	garbhaim	garbhann tú; garbhair†	garbhann sé, sí	garbhaimid	garbhann sibh	garbhann siad; garbhaid†	a gharbhann; a gharbhas / a ngarbhann*; a ngarbhas*	garbhtar
	past	gharbh mé; gharbhas	gharbh tú; gharbhais	gharbh sé, sí	gharbhamar; gharbh muid	gharbh sibh; gharbhabhair	gharbh siad; gharbhadar	a gharbh / ar gharbh*	garbhadh
	past habitual	gharbhainn / ngarbhainn‡‡	gharbhtá / ngarbhtᇇ	gharbhadh sé, sí / ngarbhadh sé, s퇇	gharbhaimis; gharbhadh muid / ngarbhaimis‡‡; ngarbhadh muid‡‡	gharbhadh sibh / ngarbhadh sibh‡‡	gharbhaidís; gharbhadh siad / ngarbhaidís‡‡; ngarbhadh siad‡‡	a gharbhadh / a ngarbhadh*	gharbhtaí / ngarbhta퇇
future		garbhfaidh mé; garbhfad	garbhfaidh tú; garbhfair†	garbhfaidh sé, sí	garbhfaimid; garbhfaidh muid	garbhfaidh sibh	garbhfaidh siad; garbhfaid†	a gharbhfaidh; a gharbhfas / a ngarbhfaidh*; a ngarbhfas*	garbhfar
conditional		gharbhfainn / ngarbhfainn‡‡	gharbhfá / ngarbhfᇇ	gharbhfadh sé, sí / ngarbhfadh sé, s퇇	gharbhfaimis; gharbhfadh muid / ngarbhfaimis‡‡; ngarbhfadh muid‡‡	gharbhfadh sibh / ngarbhfadh sibh‡‡	gharbhfaidís; gharbhfadh siad / ngarbhfaidís‡‡; ngarbhfadh siad‡‡	a gharbhfadh / a ngarbhfadh*	gharbhfaí / ngarbhfa퇇
subjunctive	present	go ngarbha mé; go ngarbhad†	go ngarbha tú; go ngarbhair†	go ngarbha sé, sí	go ngarbhaimid; go ngarbha muid	go ngarbha sibh	go ngarbha siad; go ngarbhaid†	—	go ngarbhtar
	past	dá ngarbhainn	dá ngarbhtá	dá ngarbhadh sé, sí	dá ngarbhaimis; dá ngarbhadh muid	dá ngarbhadh sibh	dá ngarbhaidís; dá ngarbhadh siad	—	dá ngarbhtaí
imperative		garbhaim	garbh	garbhadh sé, sí	garbhaimis	garbhaigí; garbhaidh†	garbhaidís	—	garbhtar
verbal noun		garbhadh
past participle		garfa

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Eclipsis
garbh	gharbh	ngarbh
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “garbh”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 garb”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

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Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Old Irish garb, from Proto-Celtic *garwos (compare Welsh garw (“coarse”)).

Adjective

garbh

1. rough (as in a rough surface)

Mutation

Scottish Gaelic mutation
Radical	Lenition
garbh	gharbh
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 garb”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language