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IPA(key): /ᶢǃʱwaːla/
-gqwala
- (intransitive) to rust, to corrode
- (intransitive) to bleach, to fade, to lose colour
Tone L
|
Infinitive
|
ukugqwala
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
Infinitive
|
ukugqwala
|
ukungagqwali
|
|
Imperative
|
|
Simple
|
+ object concord
|
Singular
|
gqwala
|
-gqwale
|
Plural
|
gqwalani
|
-gqwaleni
|
|
Present
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyagqwala, ngigqwala
|
engigqwalayo, engigqwala
|
ngigqwala
|
angigqwali
|
engingagqwali
|
ngingagqwali
|
2nd singular
|
uyagqwala, ugqwala
|
ogqwalayo, ogqwala
|
ugqwala
|
awugqwali
|
ongagqwali
|
ungagqwali
|
1st plural
|
siyagqwala, sigqwala
|
esigqwalayo, esigqwala
|
sigqwala
|
asigqwali
|
esingagqwali
|
singagqwali
|
2nd plural
|
niyagqwala, nigqwala
|
enigqwalayo, enigqwala
|
nigqwala
|
anigqwali
|
eningagqwali
|
ningagqwali
|
Class 1
|
uyagqwala, ugqwala
|
ogqwalayo, ogqwala
|
egqwala
|
akagqwali
|
ongagqwali
|
engagqwali
|
Class 2
|
bayagqwala, bagqwala
|
abagqwalayo, abagqwala
|
begqwala
|
abagqwali
|
abangagqwali
|
bengagqwali
|
Class 3
|
uyagqwala, ugqwala
|
ogqwalayo, ogqwala
|
ugqwala
|
awugqwali
|
ongagqwali
|
ungagqwali
|
Class 4
|
iyagqwala, igqwala
|
egqwalayo, egqwala
|
igqwala
|
ayigqwali
|
engagqwali
|
ingagqwali
|
Class 5
|
liyagqwala, ligqwala
|
eligqwalayo, eligqwala
|
ligqwala
|
aligqwali
|
elingagqwali
|
lingagqwali
|
Class 6
|
ayagqwala, agqwala
|
agqwalayo, agqwala
|
egqwala
|
awagqwali
|
angagqwali
|
engagqwali
|
Class 7
|
siyagqwala, sigqwala
|
esigqwalayo, esigqwala
|
sigqwala
|
asigqwali
|
esingagqwali
|
singagqwali
|
Class 8
|
ziyagqwala, zigqwala
|
ezigqwalayo, ezigqwala
|
zigqwala
|
azigqwali
|
ezingagqwali
|
zingagqwali
|
Class 9
|
iyagqwala, igqwala
|
egqwalayo, egqwala
|
igqwala
|
ayigqwali
|
engagqwali
|
ingagqwali
|
Class 10
|
ziyagqwala, zigqwala
|
ezigqwalayo, ezigqwala
|
zigqwala
|
azigqwali
|
ezingagqwali
|
zingagqwali
|
Class 11
|
luyagqwala, lugqwala
|
olugqwalayo, olugqwala
|
lugqwala
|
alugqwali
|
olungagqwali
|
lungagqwali
|
Class 14
|
buyagqwala, bugqwala
|
obugqwalayo, obugqwala
|
bugqwala
|
abugqwali
|
obungagqwali
|
bungagqwali
|
Class 15
|
kuyagqwala, kugqwala
|
okugqwalayo, okugqwala
|
kugqwala
|
akugqwali
|
okungagqwali
|
kungagqwali
|
Class 17
|
kuyagqwala, kugqwala
|
okugqwalayo, okugqwala
|
kugqwala
|
akugqwali
|
okungagqwali
|
kungagqwali
|
|
Recent past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngigqwalile, ngigqwalē
|
engigqwalile, engigqwalē
|
ngigqwalile, ngigqwalē
|
angigqwalanga
|
engingagqwalanga
|
ngingagqwalanga
|
2nd singular
|
ugqwalile, ugqwalē
|
ogqwalile, ogqwalē
|
ugqwalile, ugqwalē
|
awugqwalanga
|
ongagqwalanga
|
ungagqwalanga
|
1st plural
|
sigqwalile, sigqwalē
|
esigqwalile, esigqwalē
|
sigqwalile, sigqwalē
|
asigqwalanga
|
esingagqwalanga
|
singagqwalanga
|
2nd plural
|
nigqwalile, nigqwalē
|
enigqwalile, enigqwalē
|
nigqwalile, nigqwalē
|
anigqwalanga
|
eningagqwalanga
|
ningagqwalanga
|
Class 1
|
ugqwalile, ugqwalē
|
ogqwalile, ogqwalē
|
egqwalile, egqwalē
|
akagqwalanga
|
ongagqwalanga
|
engagqwalanga
|
Class 2
|
bagqwalile, bagqwalē
|
abagqwalile, abagqwalē
|
begqwalile, begqwalē
|
abagqwalanga
|
abangagqwalanga
|
bengagqwalanga
|
Class 3
|
ugqwalile, ugqwalē
|
ogqwalile, ogqwalē
|
ugqwalile, ugqwalē
|
awugqwalanga
|
ongagqwalanga
|
ungagqwalanga
|
Class 4
|
igqwalile, igqwalē
|
egqwalile, egqwalē
|
igqwalile, igqwalē
|
ayigqwalanga
|
engagqwalanga
|
ingagqwalanga
|
Class 5
|
ligqwalile, ligqwalē
|
eligqwalile, eligqwalē
|
ligqwalile, ligqwalē
|
aligqwalanga
|
elingagqwalanga
|
lingagqwalanga
|
Class 6
|
agqwalile, agqwalē
|
agqwalile, agqwalē
|
egqwalile, egqwalē
|
awagqwalanga
|
angagqwalanga
|
engagqwalanga
|
Class 7
|
sigqwalile, sigqwalē
|
esigqwalile, esigqwalē
|
sigqwalile, sigqwalē
|
asigqwalanga
|
esingagqwalanga
|
singagqwalanga
|
Class 8
|
zigqwalile, zigqwalē
|
ezigqwalile, ezigqwalē
|
zigqwalile, zigqwalē
|
azigqwalanga
|
ezingagqwalanga
|
zingagqwalanga
|
Class 9
|
igqwalile, igqwalē
|
egqwalile, egqwalē
|
igqwalile, igqwalē
|
ayigqwalanga
|
engagqwalanga
|
ingagqwalanga
|
Class 10
|
zigqwalile, zigqwalē
|
ezigqwalile, ezigqwalē
|
zigqwalile, zigqwalē
|
azigqwalanga
|
ezingagqwalanga
|
zingagqwalanga
|
Class 11
|
lugqwalile, lugqwalē
|
olugqwalile, olugqwalē
|
lugqwalile, lugqwalē
|
alugqwalanga
|
olungagqwalanga
|
lungagqwalanga
|
Class 14
|
bugqwalile, bugqwalē
|
obugqwalile, obugqwalē
|
bugqwalile, bugqwalē
|
abugqwalanga
|
obungagqwalanga
|
bungagqwalanga
|
Class 15
|
kugqwalile, kugqwalē
|
okugqwalile, okugqwalē
|
kugqwalile, kugqwalē
|
akugqwalanga
|
okungagqwalanga
|
kungagqwalanga
|
Class 17
|
kugqwalile, kugqwalē
|
okugqwalile, okugqwalē
|
kugqwalile, kugqwalē
|
akugqwalanga
|
okungagqwalanga
|
kungagqwalanga
|
|
Remote past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngāgqwala
|
engāgqwala
|
ngāgqwala
|
angigqwalanga
|
engingagqwalanga
|
ngingagqwalanga
|
2nd singular
|
wāgqwala
|
owāgqwala
|
wāgqwala
|
awugqwalanga
|
ongagqwalanga
|
ungagqwalanga
|
1st plural
|
sāgqwala
|
esāgqwala
|
sāgqwala
|
asigqwalanga
|
esingagqwalanga
|
singagqwalanga
|
2nd plural
|
nāgqwala
|
enāgqwala
|
nāgqwala
|
anigqwalanga
|
eningagqwalanga
|
ningagqwalanga
|
Class 1
|
wāgqwala
|
owāgqwala
|
āgqwala
|
akagqwalanga
|
ongagqwalanga
|
engagqwalanga
|
Class 2
|
bāgqwala
|
abāgqwala
|
bāgqwala
|
abagqwalanga
|
abangagqwalanga
|
bengagqwalanga
|
Class 3
|
wāgqwala
|
owāgqwala
|
wāgqwala
|
awugqwalanga
|
ongagqwalanga
|
ungagqwalanga
|
Class 4
|
yāgqwala
|
eyāgqwala
|
yāgqwala
|
ayigqwalanga
|
engagqwalanga
|
ingagqwalanga
|
Class 5
|
lāgqwala
|
elāgqwala
|
lāgqwala
|
aligqwalanga
|
elingagqwalanga
|
lingagqwalanga
|
Class 6
|
āgqwala
|
āgqwala
|
āgqwala
|
awagqwalanga
|
angagqwalanga
|
engagqwalanga
|
Class 7
|
sāgqwala
|
esāgqwala
|
sāgqwala
|
asigqwalanga
|
esingagqwalanga
|
singagqwalanga
|
Class 8
|
zāgqwala
|
ezāgqwala
|
zāgqwala
|
azigqwalanga
|
ezingagqwalanga
|
zingagqwalanga
|
Class 9
|
yāgqwala
|
eyāgqwala
|
yāgqwala
|
ayigqwalanga
|
engagqwalanga
|
ingagqwalanga
|
Class 10
|
zāgqwala
|
ezāgqwala
|
zāgqwala
|
azigqwalanga
|
ezingagqwalanga
|
zingagqwalanga
|
Class 11
|
lwāgqwala
|
olwāgqwala
|
lwāgqwala
|
alugqwalanga
|
olungagqwalanga
|
lungagqwalanga
|
Class 14
|
bāgqwala
|
obāgqwala
|
bāgqwala
|
abugqwalanga
|
obungagqwalanga
|
bungagqwalanga
|
Class 15
|
kwāgqwala
|
okwāgqwala
|
kwāgqwala
|
akugqwalanga
|
okungagqwalanga
|
kungagqwalanga
|
Class 17
|
kwāgqwala
|
okwāgqwala
|
kwāgqwala
|
akugqwalanga
|
okungagqwalanga
|
kungagqwalanga
|
|
Potential
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngingagqwala
|
—
|
ngingagqwala
|
ngingegqwale
|
—
|
ngingegqwale
|
2nd singular
|
ungagqwala
|
—
|
ungagqwala
|
ungegqwale
|
—
|
ungegqwale
|
1st plural
|
singagqwala
|
—
|
singagqwala
|
singegqwale
|
—
|
singegqwale
|
2nd plural
|
ningagqwala
|
—
|
ningagqwala
|
ningegqwale
|
—
|
ningegqwale
|
Class 1
|
angagqwala
|
—
|
engagqwala
|
angegqwale
|
—
|
engegqwale
|
Class 2
|
bangagqwala
|
—
|
bengagqwala
|
bangegqwale
|
—
|
bengegqwale
|
Class 3
|
ungagqwala
|
—
|
ungagqwala
|
ungegqwale
|
—
|
ungegqwale
|
Class 4
|
ingagqwala
|
—
|
ingagqwala
|
ingegqwale
|
—
|
ingegqwale
|
Class 5
|
lingagqwala
|
—
|
lingagqwala
|
lingegqwale
|
—
|
lingegqwale
|
Class 6
|
angagqwala
|
—
|
engagqwala
|
angegqwale
|
—
|
engegqwale
|
Class 7
|
singagqwala
|
—
|
singagqwala
|
singegqwale
|
—
|
singegqwale
|
Class 8
|
zingagqwala
|
—
|
zingagqwala
|
zingegqwale
|
—
|
zingegqwale
|
Class 9
|
ingagqwala
|
—
|
ingagqwala
|
ingegqwale
|
—
|
ingegqwale
|
Class 10
|
zingagqwala
|
—
|
zingagqwala
|
zingegqwale
|
—
|
zingegqwale
|
Class 11
|
lungagqwala
|
—
|
lungagqwala
|
lungegqwale
|
—
|
lungegqwale
|
Class 14
|
bungagqwala
|
—
|
bungagqwala
|
bungegqwale
|
—
|
bungegqwale
|
Class 15
|
kungagqwala
|
—
|
kungagqwala
|
kungegqwale
|
—
|
kungegqwale
|
Class 17
|
kungagqwala
|
—
|
kungagqwala
|
kungegqwale
|
—
|
kungegqwale
|
|
Immediate future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngizogqwala
|
engizogqwala
|
ngizogqwala
|
angizugqwala
|
engingezugqwala
|
ngingezugqwala
|
2nd singular
|
uzogqwala
|
ozogqwala
|
uzogqwala
|
awuzugqwala
|
ongezugqwala
|
ungezugqwala
|
1st plural
|
sizogqwala
|
esizogqwala
|
sizogqwala
|
asizugqwala
|
esingezugqwala
|
singezugqwala
|
2nd plural
|
nizogqwala
|
enizogqwala
|
nizogqwala
|
anizugqwala
|
eningezugqwala
|
ningezugqwala
|
Class 1
|
uzogqwala
|
ozogqwala
|
ezogqwala
|
akazugqwala
|
ongezugqwala
|
engezugqwala
|
Class 2
|
bazogqwala
|
abazogqwala
|
bezogqwala
|
abazugqwala
|
abangezugqwala
|
bengezugqwala
|
Class 3
|
uzogqwala
|
ozogqwala
|
uzogqwala
|
awuzugqwala
|
ongezugqwala
|
ungezugqwala
|
Class 4
|
izogqwala
|
ezogqwala
|
izogqwala
|
ayizugqwala
|
engezugqwala
|
ingezugqwala
|
Class 5
|
lizogqwala
|
elizogqwala
|
lizogqwala
|
alizugqwala
|
elingezugqwala
|
lingezugqwala
|
Class 6
|
azogqwala
|
azogqwala
|
ezogqwala
|
awazugqwala
|
angezugqwala
|
engezugqwala
|
Class 7
|
sizogqwala
|
esizogqwala
|
sizogqwala
|
asizugqwala
|
esingezugqwala
|
singezugqwala
|
Class 8
|
zizogqwala
|
ezizogqwala
|
zizogqwala
|
azizugqwala
|
ezingezugqwala
|
zingezugqwala
|
Class 9
|
izogqwala
|
ezogqwala
|
izogqwala
|
ayizugqwala
|
engezugqwala
|
ingezugqwala
|
Class 10
|
zizogqwala
|
ezizogqwala
|
zizogqwala
|
azizugqwala
|
ezingezugqwala
|
zingezugqwala
|
Class 11
|
luzogqwala
|
oluzogqwala
|
luzogqwala
|
aluzugqwala
|
olungezugqwala
|
lungezugqwala
|
Class 14
|
buzogqwala
|
obuzogqwala
|
buzogqwala
|
abuzugqwala
|
obungezugqwala
|
bungezugqwala
|
Class 15
|
kuzogqwala
|
okuzogqwala
|
kuzogqwala
|
akuzugqwala
|
okungezugqwala
|
kungezugqwala
|
Class 17
|
kuzogqwala
|
okuzogqwala
|
kuzogqwala
|
akuzugqwala
|
okungezugqwala
|
kungezugqwala
|
|
Remote future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyogqwala
|
engiyogqwala
|
ngiyogqwala
|
angiyugqwala
|
engingeyugqwala
|
ngingeyugqwala
|
2nd singular
|
uyogqwala
|
oyogqwala
|
uyogqwala
|
awuyugqwala
|
ongeyugqwala
|
ungeyugqwala
|
1st plural
|
siyogqwala
|
esiyogqwala
|
siyogqwala
|
asiyugqwala
|
esingeyugqwala
|
singeyugqwala
|
2nd plural
|
niyogqwala
|
eniyogqwala
|
niyogqwala
|
aniyugqwala
|
eningeyugqwala
|
ningeyugqwala
|
Class 1
|
uyogqwala
|
oyogqwala
|
eyogqwala
|
akayugqwala
|
ongeyugqwala
|
engeyugqwala
|
Class 2
|
bayogqwala
|
abayogqwala
|
beyogqwala
|
abayugqwala
|
abangeyugqwala
|
bengeyugqwala
|
Class 3
|
uyogqwala
|
oyogqwala
|
uyogqwala
|
awuyugqwala
|
ongeyugqwala
|
ungeyugqwala
|
Class 4
|
iyogqwala
|
eyogqwala
|
iyogqwala
|
ayiyugqwala
|
engeyugqwala
|
ingeyugqwala
|
Class 5
|
liyogqwala
|
eliyogqwala
|
liyogqwala
|
aliyugqwala
|
elingeyugqwala
|
lingeyugqwala
|
Class 6
|
ayogqwala
|
ayogqwala
|
eyogqwala
|
awayugqwala
|
angeyugqwala
|
engeyugqwala
|
Class 7
|
siyogqwala
|
esiyogqwala
|
siyogqwala
|
asiyugqwala
|
esingeyugqwala
|
singeyugqwala
|
Class 8
|
ziyogqwala
|
eziyogqwala
|
ziyogqwala
|
aziyugqwala
|
ezingeyugqwala
|
zingeyugqwala
|
Class 9
|
iyogqwala
|
eyogqwala
|
iyogqwala
|
ayiyugqwala
|
engeyugqwala
|
ingeyugqwala
|
Class 10
|
ziyogqwala
|
eziyogqwala
|
ziyogqwala
|
aziyugqwala
|
ezingeyugqwala
|
zingeyugqwala
|
Class 11
|
luyogqwala
|
oluyogqwala
|
luyogqwala
|
aluyugqwala
|
olungeyugqwala
|
lungeyugqwala
|
Class 14
|
buyogqwala
|
obuyogqwala
|
buyogqwala
|
abuyugqwala
|
obungeyugqwala
|
bungeyugqwala
|
Class 15
|
kuyogqwala
|
okuyogqwala
|
kuyogqwala
|
akuyugqwala
|
okungeyugqwala
|
kungeyugqwala
|
Class 17
|
kuyogqwala
|
okuyogqwala
|
kuyogqwala
|
akuyugqwala
|
okungeyugqwala
|
kungeyugqwala
|
|
Present subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngigqwale
|
ngingagqwali
|
2nd singular
|
ugqwale
|
ungagqwali
|
1st plural
|
sigqwale
|
singagqwali
|
2nd plural
|
nigqwale
|
ningagqwali
|
Class 1
|
agqwale
|
angagqwali
|
Class 2
|
bagqwale
|
bangagqwali
|
Class 3
|
ugqwale
|
ungagqwali
|
Class 4
|
igqwale
|
ingagqwali
|
Class 5
|
ligqwale
|
lingagqwali
|
Class 6
|
agqwale
|
angagqwali
|
Class 7
|
sigqwale
|
singagqwali
|
Class 8
|
zigqwale
|
zingagqwali
|
Class 9
|
igqwale
|
ingagqwali
|
Class 10
|
zigqwale
|
zingagqwali
|
Class 11
|
lugqwale
|
lungagqwali
|
Class 14
|
bugqwale
|
bungagqwali
|
Class 15
|
kugqwale
|
kungagqwali
|
Class 17
|
kugqwale
|
kungagqwali
|
|
Past subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngagqwala
|
ngangagqwala, angagqwala, angangagqwala
|
2nd singular
|
wagqwala
|
wangagqwala, awagqwala, awangagqwala
|
1st plural
|
sagqwala
|
sangagqwala, asagqwala, asangagqwala
|
2nd plural
|
nagqwala
|
nangagqwala, anagqwala, anangagqwala
|
Class 1
|
wagqwala
|
wangagqwala, akagqwala, akangagqwala
|
Class 2
|
bagqwala
|
bangagqwala, abagqwala, abangagqwala
|
Class 3
|
wagqwala
|
wangagqwala, awagqwala, awangagqwala
|
Class 4
|
yagqwala
|
yangagqwala, ayagqwala, ayangagqwala
|
Class 5
|
lagqwala
|
langagqwala, alagqwala, alangagqwala
|
Class 6
|
agqwala
|
angagqwala, awagqwala, awangagqwala
|
Class 7
|
sagqwala
|
sangagqwala, asagqwala, asangagqwala
|
Class 8
|
zagqwala
|
zangagqwala, azagqwala, azangagqwala
|
Class 9
|
yagqwala
|
yangagqwala, ayagqwala, ayangagqwala
|
Class 10
|
zagqwala
|
zangagqwala, azagqwala, azangagqwala
|
Class 11
|
lwagqwala
|
lwangagqwala, alwagqwala, alwangagqwala
|
Class 14
|
bagqwala
|
bangagqwala, abagqwala, abangagqwala
|
Class 15
|
kwagqwala
|
kwangagqwala, akwagqwala, akwangagqwala
|
Class 17
|
kwagqwala
|
kwangagqwala, akwagqwala, akwangagqwala
|