Egyptian [ edit ]
Etymology [ edit ]
s- ( causative prefix ) + gnn ( “ to be soft ” ) .
Pronunciation [ edit ]
caus. 2ae gem.
( transitive ) to soften
Inflection [ edit ]
Conjugation of sgnn (causative second geminate / caus. 2ae gem. / caus. II. gem.) — base stem: sgn , geminated stem: sgnn
infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive1
singular
plural
sgnn
sgnn
sgnnt
sgnn
sgnn
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective 2
periphrastic prospective 2
sgnn
ḥr sgnn
m sgnn
r sgnn
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
passive
contingent
aspect / mood
active
passive
perfect
sgnn.n
sgnnw , sgnn
consecutive
sgnn.jn
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
terminative
sgnnt
perfective 3
sgnn
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
obligative1
sgnn.ḫr
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
imperfective
sgnn
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
prospective 3
sgnnw , sgnn , sgnny
sgnnw , sgnn , sgnny
potentialis1
sgnn.kꜣ
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
subjunctive
sgnn
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
passive
active
passive
perfect
sgnn.n
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
—
—
perfective
sgnn
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
—
—
imperfective
sgnn , sgnny , sgnnw 5
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
sgnn , sgnnj 6 , sgnny 6
sgnn , sgnnw 5
prospective
sgnn , sgnntj 7
—
sgnnwtj 1 4 , sgnntj 4 , sgnnt 4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f /.fj , feminine .s /.sj , dual .sn /.snj , plural .sn .
Only in the masculine singular.
Only in the masculine.
Only in the feminine.
Descendants [ edit ]
Demotic: sgn
Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲟϫⲉⲛ ( sočen )
Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲟϭⲛ ( socn )
References [ edit ]
James P[eter] Allen (2010 ) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs , 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN , page 330 .