surmenage

French

Etymology

From surmener +‎ -age.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /syʁ.mə.naʒ/

• Audio (France (Lyon)):

  (file)

Noun

surmenage m (uncountable)

1. overwork

Descendants

• → Italian: surmenage

Further reading

• “surmenage”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012

Italian

Etymology

Borrowed from French surmenage.

Noun

surmenage m (invariable)

1. overwork (mental or physical)
2. overtraining (sports)

Further reading

• “surmenage”, in Vocabolario Treccani on line (in Italian), Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2026

Spanish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *úp

Proto-Indo-European *-er

Proto-Indo-European *upér

Proto-Italic *super

Latin super

Latin super-

Old French sur-

French sur-

Proto-Indo-European *men-

Proto-Italic *menā

Proto-Italic *(eks)menāder.

Latin minae

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.

Proto-Italic *-ājō

Proto-Italic *-āō

Latin -ō

Latin minor

Latin minō

Old French mener

French mener

French surmener

▲

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-tós

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos

Proto-Italic *-ātos

Latin -ātus

Proto-Indo-European *-kos

Proto-Indo-European *-ikos

Proto-Italic *-ikos

Latin -icus

Latin -āticus

Latin -āticum

Old French -age

Middle French -age

French -age

French surmenageubor.

Spanish surmenage

Unadapted borrowing from French surmenage.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /suɾmeˈnaʃ/ [suɾ.meˈnaʃ]
  • Rhymes: -aʃ
• IPA^(key): /suɾmeˈnaʒ/ [suɾ.meˈnaʒ]
  • Rhymes: -aʒ
• IPA^(key): /suɾmeˈnaxe/ [suɾ.meˈna.xe]
  • Rhymes: -axe

Noun

surmenage m (plural surmenages)

1. overwork
2. nervous breakdown
   • 1926, Roberto Arlt, “Los trabajos y los días”, in El juguete rabioso:

     —¿Medio anarquista, eh? Cuide su cerebro, amiguito… cuídelo, que entre los 20 y 22 años va a sufrir un surmenage.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Usage notes

According to Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) prescriptions, unadapted foreign words should be written in italics in a text printed in roman type, and vice versa, and in quotation marks in a manuscript text or when italics are not available. In practice, this RAE prescription is not always followed.

Further reading

• Seco, Manuel; Andrés, Olimpia; Ramos, Gabino (2023), “surmenage”, in Diccionario del español actual [Dictionary of Current Spanish] (in Spanish), third digital edition, Fundación BBVA