victrix

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English

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Etymology

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Learned borrowing from Latin victrīx.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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victrix (plural not attested)

  1. victor (female); victress.
    Synonyms: victoress, victrice
    • 1853, Charlotte Brontë, Villette:
      In his victrix he required all that was here visible — the imprint of high cultivation, the consecration of a careful and authoritative protection, the adjuncts that Fashion decrees, Wealth purchases, and Taste adjusts […]

Latin

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Etymology

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Consists of vic- +‎ -trīx. Latin vic- is the root of vincō, vincere (“to conquer”). The masculine form is victor.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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victrīx f (genitive victrīcis, masculine victor); third declension

  1. victoress, conqueress, conqueror (female); winner (female)

Usage notes

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The genitive plural form victrīcum is rare. Although the alternative form victrīcium is in practice mostly attested with adjectival function (see below), it may not be safe to assume that it was fundamentally restricted to adjectival use.[1]

Declension

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Third-declension noun.

Case Singular Plural
Nominative victrīx victrīcēs
Genitive victrīcis victrīcum
Dative victrīcī victrīcibus
Accusative victrīcem victrīcēs
Ablative victrīce victrīcibus
Vocative victrīx victrīcēs

Descendants

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  • → English: victrix (learned)
  • Middle French: victrice

Adjective

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victrīx f

  1. victorious, conquering
    • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 5.30.1.1:
      sed nefas ducere desertam ac relictam ab dis immortalibus incoli urbem, et in captivo solo habitare populum Romanum et victrice patria victam mutari.
      • 1924 translation by B. O. Foster
        But he thought it an offence against Heaven that a city deserted and forsaken by the immortal gods should be inhabited, and that the Roman People should dwell on conquered soil, exchanging their victorious City for a vanquished one.
    • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 28.6.8:
      Sulpicius tam facili ad Oreum successu elatus, Chalcidem inde protinus victrici classe petit, ubi haudquaquam ad spem eventus respondit.
      • 2021 translation by J. C. Yardley
        Emboldened by such easy success at Oreus, Sulpicius immediately left for Chalcis with his victorious fleet, but the result there in no way matched expectations.
    • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 3.54:
      res Agamemnonias victriciaque arma secutus
      • 1916 translation by H. Rushton Fairclough
        following Agamemnon’s cause and triumphant arms
    • c. 15 BCE, Propertius, Elegiae 4.1a.47:
      heu quali vectast Dardana puppis ave, / arma resurgentis portans victricia Troiae!
      • 1990 translation by G. P. Goold
        Ah, what blessed augury attended the sailing of the Dardan ship which carried to victory the arms of Troy reborn!
    • 8 CE, Ovid, Metamorphoses 10.151:
      Iovis est mihi saepe potestas / dicta prius: cecini plectro graviore Gigantas / sparsaque Phlegraeis victricia fulmina campis.
      • 1916 translation by Frank Justus Miller
        Oft have I sung the power of Jove before; I have sung the giants in a heavier strain, and the victorious bolts hurled on the Phlegraean plains.
    • c. 14 CE – 31 CE, Valerius Maximus, Facta et Dicta Memorabilia 1.1.11.8:
      Ubi omnibus sollemni more peractis in Capitolium prope divina veneratione victricium armorum perinde victor rediit.
      • 2000 translation by D. R. Shackleton Bailey
        There he went through the entire ritual in regular form and returned to the Capitol as though victor over victorious arms because of their reverence for the divine.
    • c. 14 CE – 31 CE, Valerius Maximus, Facta et Dicta Memorabilia 6.6(ext).1.3:
      Post duorum in Hispania Scipionum totidemque Romani sanguinis exercituum miserabilem stragem Saguntini victricibus Hannibalis armis intra moenia urbis suae conpulsi
      • 2000 translation by D. R. Shackleton Bailey
        After the pitiable slaughter of the two Scipios in Spain and as many armies of Roman race, the Saguntines were driven by Hannibal’s victorious arms inside the walls of their city.
    • c. 4 CE – 54 CE, Seneca the Younger, Hercules Furens 399:
      Ego rapta quamvis sceptra victrici geram / dextra, regamque cuncta sine legum metu / quas arma vincunt, pauca pro causa loquar / nostra.
      • 2018 translation by John G. Fitch
        Though I wield the stolen scepter in my conquering hand, and have absolute power with no fear of laws (which are bested by weapons), I shall speak a few words in my defense.
    • c. 56 CE – 117 CE, Tacitus, Historiae 2.59.14:
      Praesto fuere Luguduni victricium victarumque partium duces.
      • 1925 translation by Clifford H. Moore
        At Lugudunum the generals of both sides, the victors and the defeated, awaited him.
    • c. 65 CE, Seneca the Younger, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium 120.7.8:
      iecitque se in praeceps et non minus sollicitus in illo rapido alveo fluminis ut armatus quam ut salvus exiret, retento armorum victricium decore tam tutus redît quam si ponte venisset.
      • 1925 translation by Richard M. Gummere
        He plunged headlong, taking as great care to come out armed from the midst of the dashing river-channel as he did to come out unhurt; he returned, preserving the glory of his conquering weapons, as safely as if he had come back over the bridge.
    • c. 56 CE – 117 CE, Tacitus, Historiae 2.77.15:
      Aperiet et recludet contecta et tumescentia victricium partium vulnera bellum ipsum; nec mihi maior in tua vigilantia parsimonia sapientia
      • 1925 translation by Clifford H. Moore
        War will inevitably open and lay bare the angry wounds which the victorious party now conceals
    • c. 56 CE – 117 CE, Tacitus, Historiae 3.50.2:
      Signa aquilaeque victricium legionum, milites vulneribus aut aetate graves, plerique etiam integri Veronae relicti
      • 1925 translation by Clifford H. Moore
        They left at Verona the eagles and standards of the victorious legions, such soldiers as were incapacitated by wounds or years, and also a number who were in good condition
    • 121 CE, Suetonius, De Vita Caesarum 3 14.period3.period3:
      accidit ut apud Philippos sacratae olim victricium legionum arae sponte subitis conlucerent ignibus
      • 1914 translation by J. C. Rolfe
        it chanced that at Philippi the altars consecrated in bygone days by the victorious legions gleamed of their own accord with sudden fires
    • 1839 [8th century CE], Paulus Diaconus, edited by Karl Otfried Müller, Excerpta ex libris Pompeii Festi De significatione verborum, page 178:
      October equus appellatur, qui in campo Martio mense Octobri immolatur quot annis Marti, bigarum victricum dexterior.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Usage notes

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The adjectival use of this word probably originates from appositive use of the feminine noun (with personification when modifying inanimate nouns), but it came to be inflected as a defective adjective. It is not used with masculine nouns (which take victor instead), but it may be used with plural neuter nouns. By analogy with the inflection of adjectives such as fēlīx, it developed a neuter nominative/accusative plural victrīcia, a genitive plural in -ium and an ablative singular in -ī. Some neuter singular uses might also occur, but only very rarely and only in later authors;[2][3] the grammarians Servius[4] and Pseudo-Probus[5] (Instituta artium) say neuter singular forms cannot be found.

Declension

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Third-declension one-termination adjective (feminine-only in the singular, feminine- and neuter-only in the plural).

Number Singular Plural
Case / Gender Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative — victrīx — — victrīcēs victrīcia
Genitive victrīcis victrīcium
Dative victrīcī victrīcibus
Accusative victrīcem victrīcēs victrīcia
Ablative victrīce
victrīcī 		victrīcibus
Vocative victrīx victrīcēs victrīcia

References

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  1. ^ Harre, P. (1885) “Zur lateinischen Schulgrammatik”, in Zeitschrift für das Gymnasialwesen, Volume 39, page 86
  2. ^ Friedrich Neue, C. Wagener (1892) Formenlehre der lateinischen Sprache: Adjektiva, Numeralia, Pronomina, Adverbia, Präpositonen, Konjunctionen, Interjectionen, 3rd edition, volume 2, Berlin, page 40
  3. ^ Wackernagel, Jacob ((Can we date this quote?)) David Langslow, editor, Lectures on Syntax, Oxford University Press, published 2009, page 468
  4. ^ Servius ((Can we date this quote?)) Georg Thilo and Hermann Hagen, editors, Servii Grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii, published 1884, page 548:
    Ad v. 590 Haec cape generaliter dixit arcum, pharetram, ut sequentia indicant: nam dicit 'et ultricem pharetra deprome sagittam'. Et neotericum putatur ipsum 'sagittam ultricem'. Ultricem nomina omnia in 'x' littera terminata ablativum singularem in 'e' mittunt, genetivum vero pluralem in 'um', exceptis his quae omnis sunt generis, ut 'felix'; nam et 'ab hoc felici' et 'horum felicium' facit: Lucanus "felici non fausta loco tentoria ponens". Quod receptum est ideo, quia genetivus pluralis a nominativo plurali minor esse non debet, sed aut par, aut maior una syllaba. Et quia a neutro facit 'felicia', 'felicum' dicere non debemus, ne propter alia genera huic praeiudicemus. Namque ab eo quod est 'felices' ut 'felicium' dicamus, ratio patitur: una enim crescit syllaba: ab eo quod est 'felicia' ut 'felicum' dicamus non procedit, ne minor sit genetivus a nominativo plurali. Similiter et 'ultricium' et 'victricium' dicimus, licet in his neutrum genus in numero singulari non inveniatur.
  5. ^ Heinrich Keil (1864) Grammatici Latini / 4 Probi Donati Servii qui feruntur de Arte Grammatica Libri ex recensione H. Keilii‎[1], volume 4, page 91:
    Item in hoc supra scripto genere quaecumque nomina nominativo casu numeri singularis his duabus formis definiuntur, id est victor tonsor et cetera talia, haec si ex sua specie in genera feminina transeunt, haec eadem nomina in genere feminino sic anomala efficiuntur, ut puta "hic victor" "haec victrix", "hic tonsor" "haec tonstrix". Si vero haec eadem nomina in genera neutra transeunt, in eodem genere neutro numeri singularis pro locutione pronuntiantur, ut puta "hoc mancipium victor vel tonsor est"; at vero in numero plurali secundum genus neutrum, sed anomale declinantur, ut puta "haec victricia mancipia" et "haec tonstricia mancipia". Nunc ex his supra scriptis formis, quibus diximus nominativo casu numeri singularis nomina "tor" vel "sor" syllabis definiri et in genere feminino vel neutro necesse esse anomale vel pro locutione pronuntiari, hoc monemus quod plures soni, hoc est plurima nomina, possint exhiberi.

Further reading

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  • “victrix”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “victrix”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • victrix in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
  • “victrix”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • “victrix”, in William Smith, editor (1848), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London: John Murray
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