凹む

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Japanese

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
くぼ
Grade: S
kun'yomi

Verb derived from noun / (kubo, an indentation, a depression) + verbalizing suffix (bu, becoming like [noun]),[1] with suffix (bu) mutating to (mu) due to the preceding syllable (bo).

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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(くぼ) (kubomuintransitive godan (stem (くぼ) (kubomi), past (くぼ)んだ (kubonda))

  1. to become hollow, cave in, sink in
Usage notes
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The transitive form is 凹める / 窪める (kubomeru). Consequently, the potential form is the same as the passive form, くぼまれる (kubomareru), instead of くぼめる (kubomeru) as shown in the table above.

The spelling 窪む is used more often for くぼむ, because the alternative spelling 凹む can also be read as へこむ (see below).

Conjugation
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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
へこ
Grade: S
kun'yomi

/herikomu//hekomu/

Contraction of 減りこむ (herikomu), itself a compound of 減り (heri, lessening, becoming less, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, continuative or stem form) of verb 減る heru, “to reduce, to become less”) +‎ 込む (komu, to go inwardly).[1]

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「凹む
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)
凹む こむ [hèkómú]
Imperative (命令形) 凹め こめ [hèkómé]
Key constructions
Passive 凹まれる こまれる [hèkómárérú]
Causative 凹ませる こませる [hèkómásérú]
Potential - - -
Volitional 凹もう こも [hèkómóꜜò]
Negative 凹まない こまない [hèkómánáí]
Negative perfective 凹まなかった こまなかった [hèkómánáꜜkàttà]
Formal 凹みます こみま [hèkómímáꜜsù]
Perfective 凹んだ こんだ [hèkóńdá]
Conjunctive 凹んで こんで [hèkóńdé]
Hypothetical conditional 凹めば こめ [hèkóméꜜbà]

Verb

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(へこ) (hekomuintransitive godan (stem (へこ) (hekomi), past (へこ)んだ (hekonda))

  1. to become hollow, cave in, sink in: see the kubomu reading above
  2. to decline below a certain point, to become less
  3. to be stuck to be at a loss: see 困る (komaru).
  4. to yield, to submit
  5. (informal) to be bummed out
    うまできなくて(へこ)
    umaku dekinakute hekomu
    to fail to do it well and get bummed out
Conjugation
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References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN