perestroika

See also: Perestroika and perestroïka

English

Etymology

Borrowed from Russian перестро́йка (perestrójka, “restructuring”).

Pronunciation

• (US) IPA^(key): /pɛɹ.ɪˈstɹɔi.kə/

• Audio (original Russian)

  (file)

Noun

perestroika (countable and uncountable, plural perestroikas)

1. (historical, uncountable) A program of political and economic reform carried out in the Soviet Union in the 1980s and early 1990s under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev.
   • 2004, Chris Wallace, Character: Profiles in Presidential Courage:

     Gorbachev would introduce glasnost (openness and freedom) and perestroika (economic restructuring) to Russia under his tenure, ultimately freeing thousands of political prisoners and dissidents and trying to address the shortages in food and goods that had become the hallmarks of the failing Soviet economy.

2. (historical, uncountable) The period of time in the Soviet Union during which these reforms were carried out and in effect.
3. (countable, singularity theory) A situation where a small variation of parameters leads to a sudden change in properties.

Derived terms

• antiperestroika
• Perestroikan
• Salinastroika

Translations

reform in the Soviet Union in 1980s

• Arabic: بِيرِيسْتْرُويْكَا f (bīrīstrūykā)
• Armenian: պերեստրոյկա (perestroyka)
• Belarusian: перабудо́ва f (pjerabudóva)
• Bulgarian: перестро́йка f (perestrójka)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 經濟改革／经济改革 (zh) (jīngjì gǎigé)

• Czech: přestavba f, perestrojka (cs) f
• Danish: perestrojka
• Dutch: perestrojka (nl)
• Erzya: одстеема (odsťejema)
• Esperanto: perestrojko
• Estonian: perestroika (et)
• Finnish: perestroika (fi) (of the Soviet Union), uudelleenrakentaminen (more general term)
• French: perestroïka (fr) f
• Georgian: პერესტროიკა (ṗeresṭroiḳa), გარდაქმნა (gardakmna)
• German: Perestroika (de) f, Umbau (de) m, Umgestaltung (de) f
• Greek: περεστρόικα (el) (perestróika)
• Hebrew: פֶּרֶסְטְרוֹיְקָה f (perestroika)
• Hindi: पेरेस्ट्रोइका (peresṭroikā)
• Hungarian: peresztrojka (hu)
• Ido: perestroika
• Indonesian: perestroika (id)
• Italian: perestroika (it) f
• Japanese: ペレストロイカ (ja) (peresutoroika)
• Kazakh: қайта құру (qaita qūru)
• Korean: 페레스트로이카 (pereseuteuroika)
• Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish: perestroyka (ku) f

• Latvian: perestroika f
• Lithuanian: perestroika f
• Luxembourgish: Perestroika
• Macedonian: ^{(please verify)} перестро́јка f (perestrójka)
• Malay: perestroika
• Mongolian: перестройка (perestrojka)
• Norwegian: perestrojka
• Persian: پرسترویکا (perestroykâ)
• Polish: pieriestrojka (pl) f, pierestrojka (pl) f
• Portuguese: perestroika (pt) f
• Romanian: perestroika f
• Russian: перестро́йка (ru) f (perestrójka)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: перестро̑јка f, престројка f

  Roman: perestrȏjka (sh) f, prestrojka f

• Slovak: prestavba f, perestrojka f
• Slovene: perestrojka f
• Spanish: perestroika (es) f
• Swedish: perestrojka
• Tagalog: perestrojka
• Thai: การปรับเปลี่ยนโครงสร้าง (gaan bpràp bplìan kroong sâang)
• Turkish: perestroyka
• Ukrainian: перебудо́ва f (perebudóva)
• Vietnamese: perestroika (vi)
• Yiddish: פּערעסטרויקע f (perestroyke)

See also

• doi moi
• glasnost

Finnish

Etymology

Borrowed from Russian перестро́йка (perestrójka).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈperestroi̯kɑ/, [ˈpe̞re̞s̠tˌro̞i̯kɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -oikɑ
• Syllabification^(key): pe‧rest‧roi‧ka

Noun

perestroika

1. (historical) perestroika

Declension

Inflection of perestroika (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
nominative		perestroika	perestroikat
genitive		perestroikan	perestroikien
partitive		perestroikaa	perestroikia
illative		perestroikaan	perestroikiin
		singular	plural
nominative		perestroika	perestroikat
accusative	nom.	perestroika	perestroikat
	gen.	perestroikan
genitive		perestroikan	perestroikien perestroikainrare
partitive		perestroikaa	perestroikia
inessive		perestroikassa	perestroikissa
elative		perestroikasta	perestroikista
illative		perestroikaan	perestroikiin
adessive		perestroikalla	perestroikilla
ablative		perestroikalta	perestroikilta
allative		perestroikalle	perestroikille
essive		perestroikana	perestroikina
translative		perestroikaksi	perestroikiksi
abessive		perestroikatta	perestroikitta
instructive		—	perestroikin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of perestroika (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative perestroikani perestroikani accusative nom. perestroikani perestroikani gen. perestroikani genitive perestroikani perestroikieni perestroikainirare partitive perestroikaani perestroikiani inessive perestroikassani perestroikissani elative perestroikastani perestroikistani illative perestroikaani perestroikiini adessive perestroikallani perestroikillani ablative perestroikaltani perestroikiltani allative perestroikalleni perestroikilleni essive perestroikanani perestroikinani translative perestroikakseni perestroikikseni abessive perestroikattani perestroikittani instructive — — comitative — perestroikineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative perestroikasi perestroikasi accusative nom. perestroikasi perestroikasi gen. perestroikasi genitive perestroikasi perestroikiesi perestroikaisirare partitive perestroikaasi perestroikiasi inessive perestroikassasi perestroikissasi elative perestroikastasi perestroikistasi illative perestroikaasi perestroikiisi adessive perestroikallasi perestroikillasi ablative perestroikaltasi perestroikiltasi allative perestroikallesi perestroikillesi essive perestroikanasi perestroikinasi translative perestroikaksesi perestroikiksesi abessive perestroikattasi perestroikittasi instructive — — comitative — perestroikinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative perestroikamme perestroikamme accusative nom. perestroikamme perestroikamme gen. perestroikamme genitive perestroikamme perestroikiemme perestroikaimmerare partitive perestroikaamme perestroikiamme inessive perestroikassamme perestroikissamme elative perestroikastamme perestroikistamme illative perestroikaamme perestroikiimme adessive perestroikallamme perestroikillamme ablative perestroikaltamme perestroikiltamme allative perestroikallemme perestroikillemme essive perestroikanamme perestroikinamme translative perestroikaksemme perestroikiksemme abessive perestroikattamme perestroikittamme instructive — — comitative — perestroikinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative perestroikanne perestroikanne accusative nom. perestroikanne perestroikanne gen. perestroikanne genitive perestroikanne perestroikienne perestroikainnerare partitive perestroikaanne perestroikianne inessive perestroikassanne perestroikissanne elative perestroikastanne perestroikistanne illative perestroikaanne perestroikiinne adessive perestroikallanne perestroikillanne ablative perestroikaltanne perestroikiltanne allative perestroikallenne perestroikillenne essive perestroikananne perestroikinanne translative perestroikaksenne perestroikiksenne abessive perestroikattanne perestroikittanne instructive — — comitative — perestroikinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative perestroikansa perestroikansa accusative nom. perestroikansa perestroikansa gen. perestroikansa genitive perestroikansa perestroikiensa perestroikainsarare partitive perestroikaansa perestroikiaan perestroikiansa inessive perestroikassaan perestroikassansa perestroikissaan perestroikissansa elative perestroikastaan perestroikastansa perestroikistaan perestroikistansa illative perestroikaansa perestroikiinsa adessive perestroikallaan perestroikallansa perestroikillaan perestroikillansa ablative perestroikaltaan perestroikaltansa perestroikiltaan perestroikiltansa allative perestroikalleen perestroikallensa perestroikilleen perestroikillensa essive perestroikanaan perestroikanansa perestroikinaan perestroikinansa translative perestroikakseen perestroikaksensa perestroikikseen perestroikiksensa abessive perestroikattaan perestroikattansa perestroikittaan perestroikittansa instructive — — comitative — perestroikineen perestroikinensa

Further reading

• “perestroika”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

Portuguese

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /pe.ɾesˈtɾɔj.kɐ/ [pe.ɾesˈtɾɔɪ̯.kɐ]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /pe.ɾesˈtɾɔj.kɐ/ [pe.ɾesˈtɾɔɪ̯.kɐ]
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /pe.ɾeʃˈtɾɔj.kɐ/ [pe.ɾeʃˈtɾɔɪ̯.kɐ]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /pe.ɾesˈtɾɔj.ka/ [pe.ɾesˈtɾɔɪ̯.ka]

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /pɛ.ɾɛʃˈtɾɔj.kɐ/

Noun

perestroika f (plural perestroikas)

1. perestroika (reform in the Soviet Union in 1980s)

Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from Russian перестро́йка (perestrójka, “restructuring”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /peɾesˈtɾoika/ [pe.ɾesˈt̪ɾoi̯.ka]
• Rhymes: -oika
• Syllabification: pe‧res‧troi‧ka

Noun

perestroika f (uncountable)

1. (historical) perestroika

Further reading

• “perestroika”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014