इव

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit इव (iva).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /ɪʋ/

Particle

इव • (iva) (Urdu spelling او)

1. (literary) thus
2. as
3. almost
4. like

References

• Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “इव”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative forms

• iva (Latin script)
• 𑀇𑀯 (Brahmi script)
• ইৰ (Bengali script)
• ඉව (Sinhalese script)
• ဣဝ or ဢိဝ (Burmese script)
• อิว or อิวะ (Thai script)
• ᩍᩅ (Tai Tham script)
• ອິວ or ອິວະ (Lao script)
• ឥវ (Khmer script)
• 𑄃𑄨𑅇 (Chakma script)

Alternative forms

• va (Latin script)
• 𑀯 (Brahmi script)
• व (Devanagari script)
• ৰ (Bengali script)
• ව (Sinhalese script)
• ဝ (Burmese script)
• ว or วะ (Thai script)
• ᩅ (Tai Tham script)
• ວ or ວະ (Lao script)
• វ (Khmer script)
• 𑅇 (Chakma script)

Particle

इव

1. Devanagari script form of iva (“like, as”)

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• ইৱ (Assamese script)
• ᬇᬯ (Balinese script)
• ইব (Bengali script)
• 𑰂𑰪 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀇𑀯 (Brahmi script)
• ဣဝ (Burmese script)
• ઇવ (Gujarati script)
• ਇਵ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌇𑌵 (Grantha script)
• ꦆꦮ (Javanese script)
• 𑂅𑂫 (Kaithi script)
• ಇವ (Kannada script)
• ឥវ (Khmer script)
• ອິວ (Lao script)
• ഇവ (Malayalam script)
• ᡳᠸᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘂𑘪 (Modi script)
• ᠢᠸᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦢𑧊 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐂𑐰 (Newa script)
• ଇଵ (Odia script)
• ꢄꢮ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆅𑆮 (Sharada script)
• 𑖂𑖪 (Siddham script)
• ඉව (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩐𑩑𑩾 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚂𑚦 (Takri script)
• இவ (Tamil script)
• ఇవ (Telugu script)
• อิว (Thai script)
• ཨི་ཝ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒃𑒫 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨀𑨁𑨭 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *éy. Compare Hittite 𒄿𒉿𒅈 (i-wa-ar /⁠iwar⁠/).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /i.ʋɐ/
• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈi.ʋɐ/

Adverb

इव • (iva)

1. like, in the same manner as (in this sense = यथा (yathā), and used correlatively to तथा (tathā))
   • (Can we date this quote?), The Buddha, Dhammapada(pāḷi) (subsequently translated from Pali to Sanskrit), Appamādavaɡɡa, page 32; republished in The Eighteenth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Khuddaka-Nikāya‎^[1], Colombo, 2009:

     8. ප්‍රමාදමප්‍රමාදෙන යදා නුදති පණ‍්ඩිතඃ
     ප්‍රඥාප්‍රසාදමාරුහ්‍ය ත්‍වශොකඃ ශොකිනීං ප්‍රජාම්
     පර්‍වතස‍්ථ ඉව භූමිෂ‍්ඨාන් ධීරො බාලානවෙක්‍ෂතෙ

     8 Pramādamapramādena yadā nudati paṇḍitaḥ
     Prajñāprasādamāruhya tvaśokaḥ śokinīṃ prajām
     Parvatastha iva bhūmiṣṭhān dhīro bālānavekṣate

     8. When the astute dispel negligence by means of diligence,
     having ascended the palace of wisdom, the sorrow-free then behold this generation of sorrow,
     as a wise man on a mountain-top beholds the fools below.

     (literally, “8. When the astute dispel negligence by means of diligence,
     having ascended the palace of wisdom, the sorrow-free then behold this generation of sorrow,
     as a wise man on a mountain-top beholds the fools on the ground.”)

     (Wiktionary translation adapted from translation of the Pali by Ajahn Sujato.)

2. as it were, as if

   पथेव ― patheva ― as if on a path

3. in a certain manner, in some measure, a little, perhaps (in qualification or mitigation of a strong assertion)
4. nearly, almost, about

   मुहूर्तम् इव ― muhūrtam iva ― almost an hour

5. so, just so, just, exactly, indeed, very (especially after words which involve some restriction:)

   ईषद् इव ― īṣad iva ― just a little

   किंचिद् इव ― kiṃcid iva ― just a little bit

   न चिराद् इव ― na cirād iva ― very soon

6. (as a particle) connected vaguely, and somewhat pleonastically, with an interrogative pronoun or adverb

   किम् इव ― kim iva ― what?

   कथम् इव ― katham iva ― how could that possibly be?

   क्वेव ― kveva ― where, I should like to know?

Usage notes

In the pada texts of the Rigveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda, and by native grammarians, इव (iva) is considered to be enclitic, and therefore compounded with the word after which it stands.

Descendants

• → Hindi: इव (iva) (learned)
• Pali: iva

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “इव”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 168.