学ぶ

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Japanese

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Kanji in this term
まな
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
學ぶ (kyūjitai)

Etymology

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From 真似(まな) (mana, imitating, copying) + (-bu, to seem like, to act like, verb-forming suffix). Cognate with 学ぶ (manebu).[1][2][3][4][5]

The initial mana might be a phonetic shift from mane, itself the continuative or stem nominal form of classical verb 真似 (manu, to imitate, to copy), from (ma-, true, real) + (nu, copy, imitate, lower bigrade conjugation; not attested in isolation).

First cited in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[2]

The (-bu) suffix usually conjugated with the upper bigrade pattern ((かみ)()段活用(だんかつよう) (kami nidan katsuyō)), and manabu conjugated this way until the early Heian period (early 800s). Starting from the mid-Heian (roughly the 900s or 1000s), manabu shifted to conjugate using the classical yodan pattern, the precursor to the modern godan conjugation (五段活用(ごだんかつよう) (godan katsuyō)).[2]

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「学ぶ
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)
学ぶ なぶ [mànábú]
Imperative (命令形) 学べ なべ [mànábé]
Key constructions
Passive 学ばれる なばれる [mànábárérú]
Causative 学ばせる なばせる [mànábásérú]
Potential 学べる なべる [mànábérú]
Volitional 学ぼう なぼ [mànábóꜜò]
Negative 学ばない なばない [mànábánáí]
Negative perfective 学ばなかった なばなかった [mànábánáꜜkàttà]
Formal 学びます なびま [mànábímáꜜsù]
Perfective 学んだ なんだ [mànáńdá]
Conjunctive 学んで なんで [mànáńdé]
Hypothetical conditional 学べば なべ [mànábéꜜbà]

Verb

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(まな) (manabugodan (stem (まな) (manabi), past (まな)んだ (mananda))

  1. [from 720] to study
    地図(ちず)(わたし)たち地理学(ちりがく)(まな)(たす)なる
    chizu wa watashitachi ga chirigaku o manabu tasuke ni naru
    A map helps us study geography
  2. [from early 1000s] to learn (by being taught)
    (わたし)たち英語(えいご)()(かた)(まな)びました
    watashitachi wa eigo no yomikata o manabimashita
    We learned how to read English
    • 1999, 2000, Front Mission 3, Square
      人類(じんるい)(なに)(まな)ばない
      jinrui wa nanimo manabanai
      Human never learns
  3. [from late 900s] to learn (by imitating someone or something)

Conjugation

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Middle Japanese until the early Heian period(early 800s):

Middle Japanese since the mid-Heian period (roughly the 900s or 1000s):

Synonyms

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  3. ^ 学ぶ”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. 5.0 5.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN