表す
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Japanese[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 表 |
| あらわ Grade: 3 |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 表わす 現わす 現す 顕わす 顕す |
Derived as the verb form of adjective 露 (arawa, “naked, bare; open, revealed”), as a compound of 露 (arawa) + す (-su, causativizing suffix; root of modern する (suru, “to do; to make something do”)), with an original meaning of “to make something open and public, to make something apparent”.[1]
Pronunciation[edit]
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "表す"
| Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
表す | あらわす | [àráwáꜜsù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 表せ | あらわせ | [àráwáꜜsè] |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 表される | あらわされる | [àráwásáréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 表させる | あらわさせる | [àráwásáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 表せる | あらわせる | [àráwáséꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 表そう | あらわそー | [àráwásóꜜò] |
| Negative | 表さない | あらわさない | [àráwásáꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 表さなかった | あらわさなかった | [àráwásáꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 表します | あらわします | [àráwáshímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 表した | あらわした | [àráwáꜜshìtà] |
| Conjunctive | 表して | あらわして | [àráwáꜜshìtè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 表せば | あらわせば | [àráwáꜜsèbà] |
Verb[edit]
| Japanese verb pair | |
|---|---|
| active | 表す (表す) |
| mediopassive | 表れる (表れる) |
表す • (arawasu) ←あらはす (arafasu)?transitive godan (stem 表し (arawashi), past 表した (arawashita))
- to show, to make apparent
- to express, to put into words
- to signify, to represent, to symbolize, to stand for
Usage notes[edit]
This verb can be spelled many different ways. The spellings with the kana わ might be preferred for avoiding ambiguous readings. In general, which kanji to use depends on which sense one wishes to emphasize:[4]
- 表 has connotations of front and surface, and is most often used to spell arawasu when referring to expressing something in words or symbols.
- 現 has connotations of real and realize, and is most often used to spell arawasu when referring to making something that was previously hidden now visible.
- 顕 has connotations of apparent and manifest, and is most often used to spell arawasu when referring to making something widely known or publicizing.
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of "表す" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 表さ | あらわさ | arawasa |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 表し | あらわし | arawashi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 表す | あらわす | arawasu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 表す | あらわす | arawasu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 表せ | あらわせ | arawase |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 表せ | あらわせ | arawase |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 表される | あらわされる | arawasareru |
| Causative | 表させる 表さす |
あらわさせる あらわさす |
arawasaseru arawasasu |
| Potential | 表せる | あらわせる | arawaseru |
| Volitional | 表そう | あらわそう | arawasō |
| Negative | 表さない | あらわさない | arawasanai |
| Negative continuative | 表さず | あらわさず | arawasazu |
| Formal | 表します | あらわします | arawashimasu |
| Perfective | 表した | あらわした | arawashita |
| Conjunctive | 表して | あらわして | arawashite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 表せば | あらわせば | arawaseba |
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 表さ | あらはさ | arafasa |
| Continuative (連用形) | 表し | あらはし | arafasi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 表す | あらはす | arafasu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 表す | あらはす | arafasu |
| Realis (已然形) | 表せ | あらはせ | arafase |
| Imperative (命令形) | 表せ | あらはせ | arafase |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 表さず | あらはさず | arafasazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 表せど | あらはせど | arafasedo |
| Causal conjunction | 表せば | あらはせば | arafaseba |
| Conditional conjunction | 表さば | あらはさば | arafasaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 表しき | あらはしき | arafasiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 表しけり | あらはしけり | arafasikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 表しつ | あらはしつ | arafasitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 表しぬ | あらはしぬ | arafasinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 表せり 表したり |
あらはせり あらはしたり |
arafaseri arafasitari |
| Volitional | 表さむ | あらはさむ | arafasamu |
See also[edit]
- 著わす, 著す (arawasu): of the same original meaning of to make something public, but now limited to meaning to publish
Etymology 2[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 表 |
| ひょう Grade: 3 |
| on’yomi |
Derived from Middle Chinese 表 (MC pjiewX), as a compound of 表 (hyō) + す (-su, causativizing / transitivizing suffix; root of modern する (suru), “to do; to make something do”).[5]
Pronunciation[edit]
Verb[edit]
表す • (hyōsu) ←へうす (feusu)?transitive godan (stem 表し (hyōshi), past 表した (hyōshita))
Usage notes[edit]
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of "表す" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 表さ | ひょうさ | hyōsa |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 表し | ひょうし | hyōshi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 表す | ひょうす | hyōsu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 表す | ひょうす | hyōsu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 表せ | ひょうせ | hyōse |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 表せ | ひょうせ | hyōse |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 表される | ひょうされる | hyōsareru |
| Causative | 表させる 表さす |
ひょうさせる ひょうさす |
hyōsaseru hyōsasu |
| Potential | 表せる | ひょうせる | hyōseru |
| Volitional | 表そう | ひょうそう | hyōsō |
| Negative | 表さない | ひょうさない | hyōsanai |
| Negative continuative | 表さず | ひょうさず | hyōsazu |
| Formal | 表します | ひょうします | hyōshimasu |
| Perfective | 表した | ひょうした | hyōshita |
| Conjunctive | 表して | ひょうして | hyōshite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 表せば | ひょうせば | hyōseba |
References[edit]
- ^ “表・現・顕・著”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
- ^ “現す”, in デジタル大辞泉[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
- ^ “表”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[3] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 表 read as あらわ
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms suffixed with す
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese terms with multiple readings
- Japanese transitive verbs
- Japanese type 1 verbs
- Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji
- Japanese terms written with one Han script character
- Japanese terms spelled with 表 read as ひょう
- Japanese terms read with on'yomi
- Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Japanese terms with archaic senses