ísť

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ist"

Old Slovak

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-

Proto-Indo-European *h₁éyti

Proto-Balto-Slavic *éitei

Proto-Slavic *jьti

Old Slovak ísť

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jьti.^[1]

The infinitive form ísť developed from an earlier reconstructed *isti, which replaced the original Proto-Slavic infinitive by analogy with the present tense stem id- (i.e., *id-ti). The present tense forms (e.g., idem) continue *jьdǫ.^[1]

The l-participle šiel derives from *šьdlъ. The initial i- in the newer form išiel is a later analogical addition, influenced by the present tense stem idem.^[1] Compare szedł, šel.

Verb

ísť impf

to go, to walk, to move (of living beings: to move from place to place by walking, swimming, or flying)
- 1556, SITNO 1556. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
  drab yssel z mesta
  the foot soldier went out of the town
- 1757, KB 1757. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
  gissli po swych
  they went on their own [feet]
to go, to head (of people: to move toward a specific destination or goal)
- 1743, NECPALY 1743. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
  na pomoc sslj
  they went to [his] aid
- 18th c., M. HOSTE 18. st. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
  pan grof do dieti yssli
  the count went to [his] children
ísť do zeme ― to die (literally, “to go into the earth”)

ísť za muž ― to marry (literally, “to go after a husband”)
to go, to travel, to ride (of transport: to move by means of a horse, wagon, or raft)
- 1695, KRUPINA 1695. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
  kona, na kterem ssiel
  the horse upon which he went [rode]
- 1705, ŽILINA 1705. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
  plt, na ktereg issly
  the raft on which they went [floated]
to move, to circulate, to sell (of objects or weather: to be in motion, in use as currency, or sold at a price)
- 1595, PRÍLES 1595. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
  byelych penezy ktere na ten czas ssly
  of white coins which circulated at that time
- 1679, M. KAMEŇ 1679. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
  žito po dwom zlatom issla kila
  a kilo of rye went [sold] for two gold pieces
to lead, to run, to head (of paths or borders: to extend or point in a certain direction)
- 1613, TRENČÍN 1613. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
  Wah ssel wedle wrbya
  the Váh [river] went along the willows
- 1713, TRENČÍN 1713. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
  dwere do komory iduce
  doors leading to the chamber
to penetrate, to enter (to get into a space or come to mind)
- 1763, KS 1763. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
  na mysel gide
  it comes to mind
to come out, to flow, to issue (to emerge from a source or container)
- 1610, BOCA 1610. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
  plamen šahtou ven išel
  a flame came out through the shaft
- 1654, TRENČÍN 1654. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
  do hlawy mu zatyaly, az mu mozky wen ysshly
  they struck him in the head until his brains came out
to belong, to fall to (of shares or payments: to be due or allotted to someone)
- 1536, L. TRNOVEC 1536. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
  diel zo dwora, ktery nanho ssiel
  the share of the farmstead which fell to him
- 1691, KRUPINA 1691. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
  czuo zustane, ma gity do talou
  what remains is to go into the shares
(copulative) to take place, to proceed, to progress (of events or states: to develop in a certain manner)
- 1714, RADVAŇ 1714. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
  setko kriwo gide
  everything is going wrong
(auxiliary) to be going to (with an infinitive: expressing an immediate future action)
- 1716, SPIŠ 1716. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
  pugdem na neho zalowat
  I am going to complain about him
- 1747, OPONICE 1747. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
  idjem travu kosit
  I am going to mow the grass

Derived terms

Descendants

Slovak: ísť

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Králik, Ľubor (2016), “ísť”, in Stručný etymologický slovník slovenčiny [Concise Etymological Dictionary of Slovak] (in Slovak), Bratislava: VEDA; JÚĽŠ SAV, →ISBN, page 237

Slovak

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-

Proto-Indo-European *h₁éyti

Proto-Balto-Slavic *éitei

Proto-Slavic *jьti

Old Slovak ísť

Slovak ísť

Inherited from Old Slovak ísť. First attested in the 14th century.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /iːsc/, [ˈiːsc]
Rhymes: -iːsc

Verb

ísť impf (intransitive)

to walk, to go (to move by taking steps, of people or animals)
Synonyms: kráčať, uberať, vykračovať, zaberať, stúpať, vystupovať, pochodovať, smerovať

Starý otec pomaly išiel po úzkom lesnom chodníku. ― Grandfather was walking slowly along a narrow forest path.
to go, to travel, to ride (to move using a means of transport) [with instrumental or na (+ locative)]
Synonyms: cestovať, viezť

Do práce každý deň ideme autobusom, lebo je to ekologickejšie. ― We go by bus to work every day because it is more ecological.
to go (to move to a place with a specific purpose or goal)
Synonyms: poberať, pobrať

ísť s kožou na trh ― to take a risk (literally, “to go with skin to the market”)

ísť cez mŕtvoly ― to stop at nothing (literally, “to go over corpses”)

ísť dolu vodou ― to go downhill (literally, “to go down the water”)

ísť na dračku ― to sell like hotcakes (literally, “to go on a drag/grab”)

ísť na doraz ― to push oneself to the limit (literally, “to go to the stop/limit”)

ísť k niekomu na koberček ― to get a carpet call (literally, “to go to someone on the [little] carpet”)

ísť tam, kam aj králi chodia pešo ― to go to the toilet (literally, “to go where even kings walk on foot”)

ísť proti prúdu ― to go against the grain (literally, “to go against the current”)

láska ide cez žalúdok ― the way to a man's heart is through his stomach (literally, “love goes through the stomach”)

nejde mi to do hlavy ― I can't wrap my head around it (literally, “it doesn't go into my head”)

mráz mu ide po chrbte ― to send shivers down someone's spine (literally, “frost goes along his back”)

Každú nedeľu celá rodina ide do kostola na rannú omšu. ― Every Sunday the whole family goes to church for morning mass.
to go, to move (of objects or phenomena: to be in motion or be transferred)
Vlak mu ide presne o druhej, tak sa musíme poponáhľať. ― His train leaves exactly at two, so we have to hurry.
to come from, to emanate (to have an origin or spread in all directions)
Synonym: šíriť

Z pootvoreného okna išiel nepríjemný prievan. ― An unpleasant draft was coming from the half-open window.
to work, to run, to function (of machines or things: to be in operation)
Synonyms: fungovať, bežať

Môj starý počítač ešte stále celkom dobre ide. ― My old computer still runs quite well.
to lead, to go (to be oriented or directed towards a place)
Synonym: smerovať

Tento balkón ide priamo do hlučnej ulice. ― This balcony leads directly onto a noisy street.
to reach, to extend (to penetrate or reach a certain spatial or temporal limit)
Synonym: dosiahnuť

Jeho dlhy už išli do tisícov eur. ― His debts already reached into the thousands of euros.
to go by, to pass (of time: to continue or flow continuously)
Synonyms: plynúť, ubiehať, míňať

Čas ide neskutočne rýchlo, ani sme si to nevšimli. ― Time goes by incredibly fast; we didn't even notice.
(impersonal) to be possible, to work (to express the possibility of an action) [(optionally) with infinitive]
Synonym: dať

Tento starý zámok už proste nejde otvoriť. ― This old lock simply cannot be opened.
to become, to enter (to choose a profession, status, or role) [with za (+ accusative)]
Po strednej škole sa rozhodol, že pôjde za murára. ― After high school, he decided he would become (go to be) a mason.
to go well, to progress (to have success or results in an activity)
Synonym: dariť

ísť ako po masle ― to go like clockwork (literally, “to go like butter”)

robota mu ide od ruky ― to be an efficient worker (literally, “work goes from his hand”)

ide mu karta ― to be on a roll (literally, “the card goes for him”)

Matematika mu vždy išla veľmi ľahko. ― Mathematics always went very easily for him.
(impersonal) to be a matter of, to be about (to concern someone or something; to be at stake) [with o (+ accusative)]
Synonym: (proscribed) jednať

V tomto spore ide predovšetkým o spravodlivosť. ― In this dispute, it is primarily about justice.
to be coming, to approach (of an event or time: to be near)
Synonym: blížiť

Cítime vo vzduchu, že už ide jeseň. ― We feel in the air that autumn is coming.
to be coming over, to onset (of a state: to start manifesting itself) [with na (+ accusative)]
Synonym: prichádzať

Hneď po obede na mňa išli hrozné driemoty. ― Right after lunch, a terrible sleepiness was coming over me.
(impersonal, auxiliary) to be about to (to express the imminent start of a state) [with dative, along with na (+ accusative) or do (+ genitive)]
ide do tuhého ― things are getting serious (literally, “it goes into the stiff”)

Pozrela sa na tú spúšť a hneď jej išlo do plaču. ― She looked at the mess and was immediately about to cry.
(auxiliary) to be going to (to express imminent future or preparation for an action) [with infinitive]
Už musím končiť, práve sa idem kúpať. ― I have to stop now; I'm just going to take a bath.
(colloquial) to match, to suit, to go with (to be in harmony or suitable)
Synonyms: hodiť, pristať

Táto viazanka ti vôbec nejde k tej košeli. ― This tie doesn't go with that shirt at all.

Usage notes

The verb ísť is a unidirectional verb.
When a prefix ending with a vowel is attached to ísť, the initial í- changes to j- and the final vowel often becomes long or diphthongised, e.g. in nejsť (the negative form), prejsť (“to cross”), zájsť (“to go”), dôjsť (“to arrive”), etc. If the prefix ends with -i, the initial vowel is completely assimilated: prísť (“to come”) (pri- + ísť).
The l-participle (used for forming the past and the conditional) has two completely interchangeable forms: 1) šiel, šla, šlo, šli or 2) išiel, išla, išlo, išli. Compounds of ísť use the shorter stem with the short form of the prefix (e.g., došiel < dôjsť (“to arrive”)).
The imperative forms of this verb exhibit a complex system of stylistic and semantic distinctions:
- While iď (along with the plural iďme and iďte) represents the morphologically regular imperative derived directly from the root of ísť, these forms are nowadays considered archaic and are rarely used in spontaneous speech. In neutral, modern Slovak, they are replaced by the forms choď, choďme, and choďte, which are the imperative forms of the iterative verb chodiť (“to go”) but function as the standard imperative for ísť.
- If the speaker is directing someone to move toward them (equivalent to the English come), the forms poď, poďme, and poďte are used; these are technically imperatives of the verb pôjsť, which is otherwise restricted to formal or literary contexts in its non-imperative forms.
- In the negative, the imperative forms nejdi (and its plural variants nejdime, nejdite) and nechoď (along with nechoďme, nechoďte) are used. Unlike the affirmative form iď, the negative nejdi is considered stylistically neutral and is frequently used alongside nechoď in modern Slovak. The form poď is semantically restricted to affirmative motion towards the speaker and is not used in the negative, one of the other forms being used instead.

Conjugation

Conjugation of ísť (imperfective; irregular)

indicative		singular			plural
infinitive			ísť
indicative		first	second	third	first	second	third
present		idem	ideš	ide	ideme	idete	idú

past	masculine	išiel som, šiel som	išiel si, šiel si	išiel, šiel	išli sme, šli sme	išli ste, šli ste	išli, šli
	feminine	išla som, šla som	išla si, šla si	išla, šla
	neuter	išlo som, šlo som	išlo si, šlo si	išlo, šlo

past perfect	masculine	bol som išiel, bol som šiel	bol si išiel, bol si šiel	bol išiel, bol šiel	boli sme išli, boli sme šli	boli ste išli, boli ste šli	boli išli, boli šli
	feminine	bola som išla, bola som šla	bola si išla, bola si šla	bola išla, bola šla
	neuter	bolo som išlo, bolo som šlo	bolo si išlo, bolo si šlo	bolo išlo, bolo šlo

future		pôjdem	pôjdeš	pôjde	pôjdeme	pôjdete	pôjdu
conditional		singular			plural
conditional		first	second	third	first	second	third
present	masculine	išiel by som, šiel by som	išiel by si, šiel by si	išiel by, šiel by	išli by sme, šli by sme	išli by ste, šli by ste	išli by, šli by
	feminine	išla by som, šla by som	išla by si, šla by si	išla by, šla by
	neuter	išlo by som, šlo by som	išlo by si, šlo by si	išlo by, šlo by

past	masculine	bol by som išiel, bol by som šiel	bol by si išiel, bol by si šiel	bol by išiel, bol by šiel	boli by sme išli, boli by sme šli	boli by ste išli, boli by ste šli	boli by išli, boli by šli
	feminine	bola by som išla, bola by som šla	bola by si išla, bola by si šla	bola by išla, bola by šla
	neuter	bolo by som išlo, bolo by som šlo	bolo by si išlo, bolo by si šlo	bolo by išlo, bolo by šlo
imperative		singular			plural
imperative		first	second	third	first	second	third
present		—	iď	—	iďme	iďte	—
non-finite forms		participles				transgressive	verbal noun
		present active	past active	passive	l-participle	transgressive	verbal noun
		idúci	—	idený	išiel, išla, išlo, išli šiel, šla, šlo, šli	idúc	idenie

ísť

Old Slovak

Etymology

Verb

Derived terms

Descendants

References

Further reading

Slovak

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Usage notes

Conjugation

Derived terms

Further reading