градъ

Bulgarian

Noun

градъ • (grad) m (Pre-reform orthography (1945))

1. obsolete spelling of град (grad, “city”)

Declension

Declension of градъ (pre-1945 spelling)

Form	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	градъ grad	градове gradove
Definite	градътъ gradăt (subj.) града grada (obj.)	градоветѣ gradovetě
Vocative	граде grade	—
Count form	града grada

Old Church Slavonic

FWOTD – 19 January 2025

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡrɑdʊ/
• Syllabification: гра‧дъ

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gȏrdъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *gárdas, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰordʰ-os, from *gʰerdʰ-. Cognate with English yard.

Noun

градъ • (gradŭ) m (diminutive градьць, related adjective градьнъ or градьскъ)

1. town, city (settlement)

   Synonym: остоꙗниѥ (ostojanije)

   без града ― bez grada ― (a man) without home

   вьсь и градъ ― vĭsĭ i gradŭ ― village and town/city

   икониискъ градъ ― ikoniiskŭ gradŭ ― city of Konya/Iconium

   исаѵрьскъ градъ ― isavrĭskŭ gradŭ ― city of Isauria

   константин҄ь градъ ― konstantinʹĭ gradŭ ― city of Constantinople

   ник҄еискъ градъ ― nikʹjeiskŭ gradŭ ― city of Nicaea

   римьскъ градъ ― rimĭskŭ gradŭ ― Roman town/city

   поустъ градъ ― pustŭ gradŭ ― abandoned town/city

   цѣсарь градъ ― cěsarĭ gradŭ ― imperial seat

   • 11th century, Codex Marianus (in Glagolitic), Gospel of Matthew 9:35:

     ῾Ⰺ ⱂⱃⱁⱈⱁⰶⰴⰰⱎⰵ ⰻⱄ҃ⱏ ⰳⱃⰰⰴⱏⰹ ⰲⱐⱄⱔ ⰻ ⰲⱐⱄⰻ ·

     [῾Ꙇ прохождаше ис҃ъ градꙑ вьсѧ и вьси ·]

     ῾I proxoždaše is:ŭ grady vĭsę i vĭsi ·

     And Jesus went through all the towns and villages

   • 11th century, Psalterium Sinaiticum (in Glagolitic), Book of Psalms 106:7:

     (please add the Glagolitic text of this quotation)

     [наведе ѩ на пѫтъ правъ • въніті въ градъ обитѣльнъи]

     navede ję na pǫtŭ pravŭ • vŭniti vŭ gradŭ obitělĭnŷi

     he led them by a straight way to an inhabited city

2. town, city (people living in town, city)
   • 11th century, Codex Marianus (in Glagolitic), Gospel of Matthew 8:34:

     ⰺ ⱄⰵ ⰲⰵⱄⱐ ⰳⱃⰰⰴⱏ ⰻⰸⰻⰴⱘ ⱂⱃⱁⱅⰻⰲⱘ ⰻⱄ҃ⰲⰻ ·

     [ꙇ се весь градъ изидѫ противѫ ис҃ви]

     i se vesĭ gradŭ izidǫ protivǫ is:vi

     Then the whole town went out to meet Jesus

3. city walls
   • 11th century, Retko, Codex Suprasliensis (in Old Cyrillic), page 204, line 9:

     саторнинъ же имѣаше село вьнѣ града

     satorninŭ že iměaše selo vĭně grada

     that Saturninus had a village outside of the city walls

4. garden, park (outdoor area containing one or more types of plants)

   Synonym: врьтъ (vrĭtŭ)

   • 11th century, Sava's book (in Old Cyrillic), Gospel of John 18:26:

     не азъ ли тѧ видѣхъ въ градѣ

     ne azŭ li tę viděxŭ vŭ gradě

     Didn’t I see you in the garden?

   • 11th century, Retko, Codex Suprasliensis (in Old Cyrillic), page 301, line 11:

     ꙗкоже въ градѣ ни смокꙑ бѫдетъ· ни дѫбъ никакъже многꙑѧ ради топлотꙑ и соухотꙑ·

     jakože vŭ gradě ni smoky bǫdetŭ· ni dǫbŭ nikakŭže mnogyję radi toploty i suxoty·

     that in the garden there will be no figs or any trees because of the great heat and dryness

Declension

Declension of градъ (o-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	градъ gradŭ	града grada	гради gradi
genitive	града grada	градоу gradu	градъ gradŭ
dative	градоу gradu	градома gradoma	градомъ gradomŭ
accusative	градъ gradŭ	града grada	градꙑ grady
instrumental	градомъ gradomŭ	градома gradoma	градꙑ grady
locative	градѣ gradě	градоу gradu	градѣхъ graděxŭ
vocative	граде grade	града grada	гради gradi

Alternative forms

• ⰳⱃⰰⰴⱏ (gradŭ) — Glagolitic

Derived terms

nouns

• възграждениѥ (vŭzgraždenije)
• градьникъ (gradĭnikŭ)
• ограда (ograda)
• приградъ (prigradŭ)
• свѧтъ градъ (svętŭ gradŭ)

verbs

• възградити pf (vŭzgraditi)
• възграждати impf (vŭzgraždati)
• градити impf (graditi)
• заградити pf (zagraditi)
• оградити pf (ograditi)

adjectives

• заградьнъ (zagradĭnŭ)

adverbs

• градьскꙑ (gradĭsky)

Descendants

• Bulgarian: град (grad)
• Macedonian: град (grad)
• → Old East Slavic: градъ (gradŭ)
  • Old Ruthenian: градъ (hrad)
    • Belarusian: град (hrad) (obsolete)
    • Carpathian Rusyn: град (hrad)
    • Ukrainian: град (hrad) (archaic or poetic)
  • Russian: град (grad) (archaic or poetic)
• → Old Novgorodian: граде (grade)

References

• “градъ1”, in GORAZD [Old Church Slavonic Digital Hub], http://gorazd.org, 2016—2026
• Havlová, Eva, editor (1994), “gradъ₁”, in Etymologický slovník jazyka staroslověnského [Etymological Dictionary of the Old Church Slavonic Language] (in Czech), numbers 4 (gostь – istonǫti), Prague: Academia, →ISBN, page 198

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gràdъ, from Proto-Indo-European *greh₃d-. Cognate with Latin grandō, Lithuanian grúodas and Old Armenian կարկուտ (karkut).

Noun

градъ • (gradŭ) m

1. (meteorology) hail (balls or pieces of ice falling as precipitation)
   • 11th century, Psalterium Sinaiticum (in Glagolitic), Book of Psalms 77:47:

     (please add the Glagolitic text of this quotation)

     [ꙇзбі градомь віна ꙇхъ]

     izbi gradomĭ vina ixŭ

     he destroyed their vineyards with hail

Declension

Declension of градъ (o-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	градъ gradŭ	— —	— —
genitive	града grada	— —	— —
dative	градоу gradu	— —	— —
accusative	градъ gradŭ	— —	— —
instrumental	градомъ gradomŭ	— —	— —
locative	градѣ gradě	— —	— —
vocative	граде grade	— —	— —

Descendants

• Bulgarian: град (grad)
• Macedonian: град (grad)

References

• “градъ2”, in GORAZD [Old Church Slavonic Digital Hub], http://gorazd.org, 2016—2026
• Havlová, Eva, editor (1994), “gradъ₂”, in Etymologický slovník jazyka staroslověnského [Etymological Dictionary of the Old Church Slavonic Language] (in Czech), numbers 4 (gostь – istonǫti), Prague: Academia, →ISBN, page 199