град

See also: гряд and grad

Belarusian

Etymology

From Old Ruthenian градъ (hrad), from Old East Slavic градъ (gradŭ), from Proto-Slavic *gradъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɣrat]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

град • (hrad) m inan (genitive гра́ду, uncountable)

1. (meteorology) hail (balls or pieces of ice falling as precipitation, often in connection with a thunderstorm)
   • 1927, Алесь Гародня, На крэсах, Minsk: Выданьне ЦБ Маладняка, page 55:

     Паабапал дарогі гнуліся да зямлі панурныя каласы зьбітага градам жыта.

     Paabapal daróhi hnulisja da zjamli panurnyja kalasy zʹbitaha hradam žyta.

     Beaten by the hail, dusky ears of rye bent toward the ground on both sides of the road.

2. hail (a rapid, intense barrage by a large number of projectiles or other objects)
   • 1938 [1848], Charles Dickens, anonymous translator, Домбі і сын, Minsk: ДВБ, translation of Dombey and Son, page 267:

     Не менш раззлаваны быў маёр, калі апранаўся к абеду: у часе гэтай працэдуры на цёмнаскурага слугу сыпаўся град усялякіх прадметаў, пачынаючы з бота, канчаючы шчоткай для прычэсвання і ўключаючы ўсё, што трапляла пад руку яго гаспадара.

     Nje mjenš razzlavany byw majór, kali apranawsja k abjedu: u časje hetaj pracedury na cjómnaskuraha sluhu sypawsja hrad usjaljakix pradmjetaw, pačynajučy z bóta, kančajučy ščótkaj dlja pryčesvannja i wključajučy wsjo, što trapljala pad ruku jahó haspadara.

     [original: Nor was the Major less exasperated as he dressed for dinner, during which operation the dark servant underwent the pelting of a shower of miscellaneous objects, varying in size from a boot to a hairbrush, and including everything that came within his master’s reach.]

   • 1940 [1826], James Fenimore Cooper, anonymous translator, Апошні з магікан, Minsk: ДВБ, translation of The Last of the Mohicans, page 96:

     І зноў з лясных гушчараў вырваўся дзікі, люты крык, і свінцовы град засвістаў над галавамі асаджаных;

     I znow z ljasnyx huščaraw vyrvawsja dziki, ljuty kryk, i svincóvy hrad zasvistaw nad halavami asadžanyx;

     [original: Once more the savage yells burst out of the woods, and the leaden hail whistled above the heads of the besieged]

Declension

Declension of град (inan sg-only hard masc-form accent-a)

	singular
nominative	град hrad
genitive	гра́ду hrádu
dative	гра́ду hrádu
accusative	град hrad
instrumental	гра́дам hrádam
locative	гра́дзе hrádzje

References

• Zhurawski, A. I., editor (1986), “градъ”, in Гістарычны слоўнік беларускай мовы [Historical Dictionary of the Belarusian Language] (in Belarusian), numbers 7 (гляденье – девичество), Minsk: Navuka i tekhnika, page 130
• “град”, in Skarnik's Belarusian dictionary (in Belarusian), based on Kandrat Krapiva's Explanatory Dictionary of the Belarusian Language (1977-1984)
• “град” in Belarusian–Russian dictionaries and Belarusian dictionaries at slounik.org

Bulgarian

Alternative forms

• гр. (gr.) — abbreviation

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɡrat]

• Audio (Standard Bulgarian):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -at

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gȏrdъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *gárdas, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos.

Noun

град • (grad) m (relational adjective гра́дски, diminutive градче́ or граде́ц)

1. town, city
2. (collective) townsfolk, townspeople

Declension

Declension of град

	singular	plural
indefinite	град grad	градове́, гради́ща1 gradové, gradíšta1
definite (subject form)	градъ́т gradǎ́t	градове́те, гради́щата1 gradovéte, gradíštata1
definite (object form)	града́ gradá
count form	—	гра́да gráda
vocative form	гра́де gráde	градове́, гради́ща1 gradové, gradíšta1

¹Rare.

Derived terms

adjectives

• гра́дски (grádski)

nouns

• гради́ще (gradíšte)

See also

• се́ло n (sélo)

References

• “град¹”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
• “град”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “град¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 270
• “град (селище)”, in БЕРОН (Български езикови ресурси онлайн) [BERON (Bulgarian Language Resources Online)] (in Bulgarian), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2024

Etymology 2

From Proto-Slavic *gradъ, from Proto-Indo-European *greh₃d- or *ǵʰreh₃d-.

Noun

град • (grad) m (diminutive граде́ц)

1. hail, hailstorm

Declension

Declension of град

	singular
indefinite	град grad
definite (subject form)	градъ́т gradǎ́t
definite (object form)	града́ gradá

References

• “град²”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
• “град”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “град²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 271
• “град (градушка)”, in БЕРОН (Български езикови ресурси онлайн) [BERON (Bulgarian Language Resources Online)] (in Bulgarian), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2024

Etymology 3

Possibly borrowed from French grade, from Latin gradus.

Noun

град • (grad) m

1. (geometry, trigonometry) gradian (unit of angle equal to 0.9 degrees, so that there are 100 gradians in a right angle)

Declension

Declension of град

	singular	plural
indefinite	град grad	гра́ди grádi
definite (subject form)	гра́дът grádǎt	гра́дите grádite
definite (object form)	гра́да gráda
count form	—	гра́да gráda

References

• “град³”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014

Anagrams

• гард (gard), драг (drag)

Macedonian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɡrat]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: град

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gȏrdъ.

Noun

град • (grad) m (plural градови, relational adjective градски, diminutive гратче or градец, augmentative градиште)

1. city, town

Declension

Declension of град

	singular	plural
indefinite	град (grad)	градови (gradovi)
definite unspecified	градот (gradot)	градовите (gradovite)
definite proximal	градов (gradov)	градовиве (gradovive)
definite distal	градон (gradon)	градовине (gradovine)
vocative	граду (gradu)	градови (gradovi)
count form	—	града (grada)

Derived terms

• велеград m (velegrad)
• главен град m (glaven grad)
• градоначалник m (gradonačalnik)
• градоначалничка f (gradonačalnička)
• градоначалнички (gradonačalnički)
• граѓанец m (graǵanec)
• граѓанин m (graǵanin)
• граѓанка f (graǵanka)
• меѓуградски (meǵugradski)
• приградски (prigradski)
• сограѓанин m (sograǵanin)
• сограѓанка f (sograǵanka)

Related terms

• градба f (gradba)
• градежен (gradežen)
• градежништво n (gradežništvo)
• гради (gradi)
• градилиште n (gradilište)
• заграда f (zagrada)
• зграда f (zgrada)
• изгради (izgradi)

See also

• општина f (opština)
• село n (selo)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gradъ.

Noun

град • (grad) m (uncountable)

1. hail (balls of ice)

Declension

Declension of град

	singular
indefinite	град (grad)
definite unspecified	градот (gradot)
definite proximal	градов (gradov)
definite distal	градон (gradon)
vocative	граду (gradu)

See also

• дожд m (dožd)
• снег m (sneg)

References

• “град” in Дигитален речник на македонскиот јазик (Digitalen rečnik na makedonskiot jazik) [Digital dictionary of the Macedonian language] − drmj.eu

Anagrams

• гард (gard), драг (drag)

Russian

Alternative forms

• градъ (grad) — pre-1918 spelling

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɡrat]
• Rhymes: -at

Etymology 1

From Old East Slavic градъ (gradŭ), from Proto-Slavic *gradъ.

Cognate with Lithuanian gruodas (Proto-Balto-Slavic *grōda-), Latin grandō, Old Armenian կարկուտ (karkut), Sanskrit ह्रादुनि (hrādúni, “hail”) and possibly with English grind.

Noun

град • (grad) m inan (genitive гра́да, uncountable, diminutive гра́дик)

1. (meteorology) hail

   Meronym: гра́дина (grádina)

   Град идёт ― Grad idjót ― It’s hailing.

2. (by extension) deluge, hail, shower (overwhelming flow or barrage of something)

   град пуль ― grad pulʹ ― hail of bullets

Declension

Declension of град (inan sg-only masc-form hard-stem accent-a) 

	singular
nominative	гра́д grád
genitive	гра́да gráda
dative	гра́ду grádu
accusative	гра́д grád
instrumental	гра́дом grádom
prepositional	гра́де gráde
partitive	гра́ду grádu

Derived terms

• гра́дина f (grádina)

Further reading

• Dal, Vladimir (1880–1882), “град 1”, in Толковый Словарь живаго великорускаго языка [Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language] (in Russian), 2nd edition, Publication of the bookseller-typographer Wolf, M. O.

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic градъ (gradŭ), which is a reflex of Proto-Slavic *gȏrdъ. Doublet of го́род (górod), which was normally inherited by pleophony. Old Church Slavonic word shows liquid metathesis characteristic of South Slavic area.

Noun

град • (grad) m inan (genitive гра́да, nominative plural гра́ды, genitive plural гра́дов)

2. (poetic, archaic) town, city, used as a common city name suffix (Волгоград, Калининград, Ленинград)

   стольный град ― stolʹnyj grad ― capital (city) (modern Russian: столи́ца (stolíca))

   Synonym: (regular term) го́род (górod)

Declension

Declension of град (inan masc-form hard-stem accent-a) 

	singular	plural
nominative	гра́д grád	гра́ды grády
genitive	гра́да gráda	гра́дов grádov
dative	гра́ду grádu	гра́дам grádam
accusative	гра́д grád	гра́ды grády
instrumental	гра́дом grádom	гра́дами grádami
prepositional	гра́де gráde	гра́дах grádax

Derived terms

Compound words:

• атомгра́д m (atomgrád)
• градонача́льник m anim (gradonačálʹnik)
• градострои́тель m anim (gradostroítelʹ), градострои́тельный (gradostroítelʹnyj)

Related terms

• го́род (górod)
• -град (-grad)
• граждани́н m anim (graždanín), согра́ждане pl (sográždane)
• загради́ть pf (zagradítʹ), загражда́ть impf (zagraždátʹ), загражде́ние n (zagraždénije)
• награди́ть pf (nagradítʹ), награжда́ть impf (nagraždátʹ), награ́да (nagráda), награжде́ние n (nagraždénije)
• огради́ть pf (ogradítʹ), огражда́ть impf (ograždátʹ), огра́да f (ográda), огражде́ние n (ograždénije)
• прегради́ть pf (pregradítʹ), прегражда́ть impf (pregraždátʹ), прегра́да f (pregráda)

Further reading

• Dal, Vladimir (1880–1882), “град 2”, in Толковый Словарь живаго великорускаго языка [Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language] (in Russian), 2nd edition, Publication of the bookseller-typographer Wolf, M. O.
  • See also: Dal, Vladimir (1880–1882), “городить”, in Толковый Словарь живаго великорускаго языка [Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language] (in Russian), 2nd edition, Publication of the bookseller-typographer Wolf, M. O.

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gȏrdъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *gárdas, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡrâːd/

Noun

гра̑д m inan (Latin spelling grȃd)

1. city, town

   Град св(ј)етлости ― City of Light (nickname of Paris)

   Село хвали, а у граду живи. ― Speak well of the countryside, but live in the city. (proverb)

   Боље је бити неко у селу него нико у граду. ― It's better to be somebody in a village than nobody in a city. (paraphrased quote by Julius Caesar)

2. fortress, castle
3. (usually after the preposition у) downtown, city centre

Declension

Declension of град

	singular	plural
nominative	гра̑д	гра̏дови
genitive	гра̑да	гра̏до̄ва̄
dative	гра̑ду	гра̏довима
accusative	гра̑д	гра̏дове
vocative	гра̑де	гра̏дови
locative	гра́ду	гра̏довима
instrumental	гра̑дом	гра̏довима

Further reading

• “град”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gradъ, from Proto-Indo-European *greh₃d- or *ǵʰreh₃d-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡrâd/

Noun

гра̏д m inan (Latin spelling grȁd)

1. hail

   Synonym: ту̏ча

Declension

Declension of град

	singular	plural
nominative	град	гради
genitive	града	гради
dative	граду	градима
accusative	град	граде
vocative	граде	гради
locative	граду	градима
instrumental	градом	градима

Further reading

• “град”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Latin gradus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡrâːd/

Noun

гра̑д m inan (Latin spelling grȃd)

1. (mathematics) gradian
2. degree (measuring unit in various systems; the more usual and general term is сте̏пе̄н or сту̑пањ)

Declension

Declension of град

	singular	plural
nominative	гра̑д	гради
genitive	града	гра́дӣ / гра́да̄
dative	граду	градима
accusative	град	граде
vocative	граде	гради
locative	граду	градима
instrumental	градом	градима

Further reading

• “град”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

Ukrainian

Etymology

From Middle Ukrainian градъ (hrad), from Old East Slavic градъ (gradŭ), from Proto-Slavic *gradъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɦrad]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

град • (hrad) m inan (genitive гра́ду, nominative plural гра́ди, genitive plural гра́дів)

1. (meteorology) hail

Declension

Declension of град
(inan hard masc-form accent-a)

	singular	plural
nominative	град hrad	гра́ди hrády
genitive	гра́ду hrádu	гра́дів hrádiv
dative	гра́дові, гра́ду hrádovi, hrádu	гра́дам hrádam
accusative	град hrad	гра́ди hrády
instrumental	гра́дом hrádom	гра́дами hrádamy
locative	гра́ді hrádi	гра́дах hrádax
vocative	гра́де hráde	гра́ди hrády

References

• Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “град”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
• “град”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horox – Slovozmina, Horokh – Inflection]‎^[1]