хлѣбъ

Bulgarian

Noun

хлѣбъ • (hlěb) m

1. (obsolete) Pre-1945 spelling of хляб (hljab).

Declension

Declension of хлѣ́бъ (pre-1945 spelling)

Form	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	хлѣ́бъ khlěb	хлѣ́бове khlěbove
Definite	хлѣ́бътъ khlěbăt (subj.) хлѣ́ба khlěba (obj.)	хлѣ́боветѣ khlěbovetě
Count form	хлѣ́ба khlěba

Old Church Slavonic

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *xlěbъ, from Proto-Germanic *hlaibaz, compare Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃 (hlaifs).

Noun

хлѣбъ • (xlěbŭ) m

1. bread
2. loaf of bread

Declension

Declension of хлѣбъ (o-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	хлѣбъ (xlěbŭ)	хлѣба (xlěba)	хлѣби (xlěbi)
genitive	хлѣба (xlěba)	хлѣбоу (xlěbu)	хлѣбъ (xlěbŭ)
dative	хлѣбоу (xlěbu)	хлѣбома (xlěboma)	хлѣбомъ (xlěbomŭ)
accusative	хлѣбъ (xlěbŭ)	хлѣба (xlěba)	хлѣбꙑ (xlěby)
instrumental	хлѣбомъ (xlěbomŭ)	хлѣбома (xlěboma)	хлѣбꙑ (xlěby)
locative	хлѣбѣ (xlěbě)	хлѣбоу (xlěbu)	хлѣбѣхъ (xlěběxŭ)
vocative	хлѣбе (xlěbe)	хлѣба (xlěba)	хлѣби (xlěbi)

Old East Slavic

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xlě̀bъ, further probably borrowed from Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃 (hlaifs), 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐍃 (hlaibs), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *hlaibaz.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxleːbʊ/→/ˈxlʲeːbʊ/→/ˈxlʲɛːb/, /ˈxlʲeːb/

• (ca. 9^th CE) IPA^(key): /ˈxleːbʊ/
• (ca. 11^th CE) IPA^(key): /ˈxlʲeːbʊ/
• (ca. 13^th CE) IPA^(key): /ˈxlʲɛːb/, /ˈxlʲeːb/

• Hyphenation: хлѣ‧бъ

Noun

хлѣбъ (xlěbŭ) m

1. bread
2. grain
3. food, meal, treat
4. subsistence
5. prosphora

Declension

Declension of хлѣбъ (hard o-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	хлѣбъ xlěbŭ	хлѣба xlěba	хлѣби xlěbi
genitive	хлѣба xlěba	хлѣбу xlěbu	хлѣбъ xlěbŭ
dative	хлѣбу xlěbu	хлѣбома xlěboma	хлѣбомъ xlěbomŭ
accusative	хлѣбъ xlěbŭ	хлѣба xlěba	хлѣбꙑ xlěby
instrumental	хлѣбъмь xlěbŭmĭ	хлѣбома xlěboma	хлѣбꙑ xlěby
locative	хлѣбѣ xlěbě	хлѣбу xlěbu	хлѣбѣхъ xlěběxŭ
vocative	хлѣбе xlěbe	хлѣба xlěba	хлѣби xlěbi

Descendants

• Old Ruthenian: хлѣбъ (xlěb), حْلَبْ (xleb) — Middle Belarusian Arabica
  • Belarusian: хлеб (xljeb)
  • Carpathian Rusyn: хлїб (xljib)
  • Ukrainian: хліб (xlib)
• Russian: хлеб (xleb) (see there for further descendants)

References

• Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1912), “хлѣбъ”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎^[1] (in Russian), volume 3 (Р – Ꙗ и дополненія), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 1371

Old Ruthenian

Alternative forms

• حْلَبْ (xleb) — Middle Belarusian Arabica

Etymology

Inherited from Old East Slavic хлѣбъ (xlěbŭ), from Proto-Slavic *xlěbъ. Cognate with Russian хлеб (xleb).

Noun

хлѣбъ • (xlěb) m inan

1. bread
2. loaf of bread

   Synonym: палени́ца (paleníca)

3. food, meal
4. grain

Descendants

• Belarusian: хлеб (xljeb)
• Carpathian Rusyn: хлїб (xljib)
• Ukrainian: хліб (xlib)

Further reading

• Hrynchyshyn, D. H., editor (1978), “хлєбъ”, in Словник староукраїнської мови XIV–XV ст. [Dictionary of the Old Ukrainian Language of the 14ᵗʰ–15ᵗʰ cc.] (in Ukrainian), volume 2 (Н – Ѳ), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, page 507
• Bulyka, A. M., editor (2016), “хлебъ”, in Гістарычны слоўнік беларускай мовы [Historical Dictionary of the Belarusian Language] (in Belarusian), numbers 36 (фолкга – чорно), Minsk: Belaruskaia navuka, →ISBN, page 82

Russian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [xlʲep]

Noun

хлѣбъ • (xlěb) m inan (genitive хлѣ́ба, nominative plural хлѣ́бы, genitive plural хлѣ́бовъ)

1. Pre-1918 spelling of хлеб (xleb, “bread, loaf”).

Declension

Pre-reform declension of хлѣбъ (inan masc-form hard-stem accent-a) 

	singular	plural
nominative	хлѣ́бъ xlě́b	хлѣ́бы xlě́by
genitive	хлѣ́ба xlě́ba	хлѣ́бовъ xlě́bov
dative	хлѣ́бу xlě́bu	хлѣ́бамъ xlě́bam
accusative	хлѣ́бъ xlě́b	хлѣ́бы xlě́by
instrumental	хлѣ́бомъ xlě́bom	хлѣ́бами xlě́bami
prepositional	хлѣ́бѣ xlě́bě	хлѣ́бахъ xlě́bax

Noun

хлѣбъ • (xlěb) m inan (genitive хлѣ́ба, nominative plural хлѣба́, genitive plural хлѣбо́въ)

1. Pre-1918 spelling of хлеб (xleb, “grain”).

Declension

Pre-reform declension of хлѣбъ (inan masc-form hard-stem accent-c irreg) 

	singular	plural
nominative	хлѣ́бъ xlě́b	хлѣба́△ xlěbá△
genitive	хлѣ́ба xlě́ba	хлѣбо́въ xlěbóv
dative	хлѣ́бу xlě́bu	хлѣба́мъ xlěbám
accusative	хлѣ́бъ xlě́b	хлѣба́△ xlěbá△
instrumental	хлѣ́бомъ xlě́bom	хлѣба́ми xlěbámi
prepositional	хлѣ́бѣ xlě́bě	хлѣба́хъ xlěbáx

^△ Irregular.