تمر

See also: ثمر

Arabic

Etymology 1

تَمْر

As a widely cultivated plant, the native distribution of the date-palm even in earlier antiquity is questionable. Particular terms relating to date culture, like شِيص (šīṣ, “unfecundated dates”), قَسْب (qasb, “dried dates”), and كَافُور (kāfūr, “bract of the inflorescence of the date palm”) can be borrowed. Assuming that ثَمَر (ṯamar, “fruits”), and Old South Arabian 𐩻𐩣𐩧 (ṯmr /⁠ṯamar⁠/, “fruits”), is the same word generalized from an original meaning “dates”, the present word تَمْر (tamr) and Old South Arabian 𐩩𐩣𐩧 (tmr /⁠tamr⁠/, “dates”) are declared, together with Hebrew תָּמָר (tāmār), reborrowed from Aramaic תמרא / ܬܡܪܐ (tamrē, “dates”), in which language only Proto-Semitic *ṯ /θ/ becomes t /t/, and the vowel a is reduced to ə and then ∅ in such position.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tamr/

Noun

تَمْر • (tamr) m (collective, singulative تَمْرَة f (tamra), plural تُمُور (tumūr))

1. date (fruit)

Declension

Declension of noun تَمْر (tamr)

collective	basic collective triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	تَمْر tamr	التَّمْر at-tamr	تَمْر tamr
nominative	تَمْرٌ tamrun	التَّمْرُ at-tamru	تَمْرُ tamru
accusative	تَمْرًا tamran	التَّمْرَ at-tamra	تَمْرَ tamra
genitive	تَمْرٍ tamrin	التَّمْرِ at-tamri	تَمْرِ tamri
singulative	singulative triptote in ـَة (-a)
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	تَمْرَة tamra	التَّمْرَة at-tamra	تَمْرَة tamrat
nominative	تَمْرَةٌ tamratun	التَّمْرَةُ at-tamratu	تَمْرَةُ tamratu
accusative	تَمْرَةً tamratan	التَّمْرَةَ at-tamrata	تَمْرَةَ tamrata
genitive	تَمْرَةٍ tamratin	التَّمْرَةِ at-tamrati	تَمْرَةِ tamrati
dual	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	تَمْرَتَيْن tamratayn	التَّمْرَتَيْن at-tamratayn	تَمْرَتَيْ tamratay
nominative	تَمْرَتَانِ tamratāni	التَّمْرَتَانِ at-tamratāni	تَمْرَتَا tamratā
accusative	تَمْرَتَيْنِ tamratayni	التَّمْرَتَيْنِ at-tamratayni	تَمْرَتَيْ tamratay
genitive	تَمْرَتَيْنِ tamratayni	التَّمْرَتَيْنِ at-tamratayni	تَمْرَتَيْ tamratay
paucal (3-10)	sound feminine paucal
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	تَمْرَات tamrāt	التَّمْرَات at-tamrāt	تَمْرَات tamrāt
nominative	تَمْرَاتٌ tamrātun	التَّمْرَاتُ at-tamrātu	تَمْرَاتُ tamrātu
accusative	تَمْرَاتٍ tamrātin	التَّمْرَاتِ at-tamrāti	تَمْرَاتِ tamrāti
genitive	تَمْرَاتٍ tamrātin	التَّمْرَاتِ at-tamrāti	تَمْرَاتِ tamrāti
plural of variety	basic broken plural triptote‎; sound feminine plural
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	تُمُور‎; تَمَرَات tumūr‎; tamarāt	التُّمُور‎; التَّمَرَات at-tumūr‎; at-tamarāt	تُمُور‎; تَمَرَات tumūr‎; tamarāt
nominative	تُمُورٌ‎; تَمَرَاتٌ tumūrun‎; tamarātun	التُّمُورُ‎; التَّمَرَاتُ at-tumūru‎; at-tamarātu	تُمُورُ‎; تَمَرَاتُ tumūru‎; tamarātu
accusative	تُمُورًا‎; تَمَرَاتٍ tumūran‎; tamarātin	التُّمُورَ‎; التَّمَرَاتِ at-tumūra‎; at-tamarāti	تُمُورَ‎; تَمَرَاتِ tumūra‎; tamarāti
genitive	تُمُورٍ‎; تَمَرَاتٍ tumūrin‎; tamarātin	التُّمُورِ‎; التَّمَرَاتِ at-tumūri‎; at-tamarāti	تُمُورِ‎; تَمَرَاتِ tumūri‎; tamarāti

Derived terms

• تَمْر هِنْدِيّ (tamr hindiyy, “tamarind”, literally “Indian date”)

Descendants

• Maltese: tamar, tamal
• Moroccan Arabic: تمر (tmar)
• South Levantine Arabic: تمر (tamr)
• → Amharic: ተምር (tämər)
• → Argobba: ትምር (təmər)
• → Ge'ez: ተምር (tämr)
• → Sebat Bet Gurage: ተምሪ (tämər)
• → Malay: tamar
• → Mehri: تومر (tōmər)
• → Old Galician-Portuguese: tamara
  • Portuguese: tâmara
    • → Tetum: támara
• → Somali: timir
• → Soqotri: timreh
• → Tigre: ተመር (tämär)
• → Tigrinya: ተምሪ (tämri)

References

• Barton, George Aaron (1902), A sketch of Semitic origins, social and religious‎^[1], New York and London: The Macmillan Company, page 76
• Fischer, Theobald (1881), Die Dattelpalme. Ihre geographische Verbreitung und culturhistorische Bedeutung‎^[2] (in German), Gotha: Justus Perthes Verlag
• Guidi, Ignazio (1879), Della sede primitiva dei popoli semitici (in Italian), Rome: Tipi del Salviucci, pages 21–22
• Kogan, Leonid (2011), “Proto-Semitic Lexicon”, in Weninger, Stefan, editor, The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft – Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science; 36), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 204
• Leslau, Wolf (1987), “tamr ተምር”, in Comparative Dictionary of Geʿez (Classical Ethiopic), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, reprinted 1991, 1997 and 2006, page 576
• Löw, Immanuel (1924), Die Flora der Juden‎^[3] (in German), volume 2, Wien und Leipzig: R. Löwit, page 316
• Löw, Immanuel (1924), Die Flora der Juden‎^[4] (in German), volume 2, Wien und Leipzig: R. Löwit, page 528
• Nöldeke, Theodor (1875), Mandäische Grammatik‎^[5] (in German), Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, →DOI, page 107

Etymology 2

Verb

تمر (form I)

1. تَمُرُّ (tamurru) /ta.mur.ru/: inflection of مَرَّ (marra):
   1. second-person masculine singular non-past active indicative
   2. third-person feminine singular non-past active indicative
2. تَمُرَّ (tamurra) /ta.mur.ra/: inflection of مَرَّ (marra):
   1. second-person masculine singular non-past active subjunctive/jussive
   2. third-person feminine singular non-past active subjunctive/jussive
3. تَمُرِّ (tamurri) /ta.mur.ri/: inflection of مَرَّ (marra):
   1. second-person masculine singular non-past active jussive
   2. third-person feminine singular non-past active jussive
4. تَمَرُّ (tamarru) /ta.mar.ru/: inflection of مَرَّ (marra):
   1. second-person masculine singular non-past active indicative
   2. third-person feminine singular non-past active indicative
5. تَمَرَّ (tamarra) /ta.mar.ra/: inflection of مَرَّ (marra):
   1. second-person masculine singular non-past active subjunctive/jussive
   2. third-person feminine singular non-past active subjunctive/jussive
6. تَمَرِّ (tamarri) /ta.mar.ri/: inflection of مَرَّ (marra):
   1. second-person masculine singular non-past active jussive
   2. third-person feminine singular non-past active jussive

Malay

Noun

تمر (plural تمر-تمر or تمر٢)

1. Jawi spelling of tamar.‎

Persian

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Turkic. Compare Azerbaijani dəmir, Crimean Tatar temir, Tatar timer, Turkish demir.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /ta.ˈmur/

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.mʊɾ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.mʊɾ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.mʊɾ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.muɾ]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰæ.moɹ]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.muɾ]

Readings
Classical reading?	tamur
Dari reading?	tamur
Iranian reading?	tamor
Tajik reading?	tamur

Noun

تمر • (tamor)

1. iron

   Synonym: آهن (âhan)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic تَمْر (tamr).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /ˈtamr/

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰämɾ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰämɾ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰämɾ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰämɾ]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰæmɹ]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰämɾ]

Readings
Classical reading?	tamr
Dari reading?	tamr
Iranian reading?	tamr
Tajik reading?	tamr

Noun

تمر • (tamr)

1. date; dried date

   Synonym: خرما (xormâ)

2. tamarind

Etymology 3

Cognate with Sanskrit तिमिर (timira, “dark, gloomy; darkness”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /ti.ˈmir/

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰɪ.mɪɾ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰɪ.mɪɾ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰɪ.mɪɾ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰi.miɾ]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰe.meɹ]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰi.miɾ]

Readings
Classical reading?	timir
Dari reading?	timir
Iranian reading?	temer
Tajik reading?	timir

Noun

تمر • (temer)

1. darkness

Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰæmɹ]

Readings
Iranian reading?	tamr

Noun

تمر • (tamr)

1. colloquial form of تمبر (tambr, “stamp”)

References

Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–), “تمر”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press.

South Levantine Arabic

Etymology

From Arabic تَمْر (tamr).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tamr/, [ˈta.m(ɪ)r]

• Audio (Bethlehem):

  (file)

Noun

تمر • (tamr) m (collective, singulative تمرة f (tamra))

1. (uncountable) dried dates

Derived terms

• تمر هندي (tamr hindi, “tamarind”)

Related terms

• بلح (balaḥ, “fresh dates”)
• عجوة (ʕajwe, “pressed dates”)