अप्

See also: अप, अपि, and अपी

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• অপ্ (Assamese script)
• ᬅᬧ᭄ (Balinese script)
• অপ্ (Bengali script)
• 𑰀𑰢𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀅𑀧𑁆 (Brahmi script)
• အပ် (Burmese script)
• અપ્ (Gujarati script)
• ਅਪ੍ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌅𑌪𑍍 (Grantha script)
• ꦄꦥ꧀ (Javanese script)
• 𑂃𑂣𑂹 (Kaithi script)
• ಅಪ್ (Kannada script)
• អប៑ (Khmer script)
• ອປ຺ (Lao script)
• അപ് (Malayalam script)
• ᠠᢒ (Manchu script)
• 𑘀𑘢𑘿 (Modi script)
• ᠠᢒ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦠𑧂𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐀𑐥𑑂 (Newa script)
• ଅପ୍ (Odia script)
• ꢂꢦ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆃𑆥𑇀 (Sharada script)
• 𑖀𑖢𑖿 (Siddham script)
• අප් (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩐𑩰 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚀𑚞𑚶 (Takri script)
• அப் (Tamil script)
• అప్ (Telugu script)
• อปฺ (Thai script)
• ཨ་པ྄ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒁𑒣𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨀𑨞𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-

Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hā́ps

Sanskrit अप्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hā́ps, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓp-s ~ *h₂ép-s, from *h₂ep-..

Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬞 (ap), Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠 (a-p-i-y-a /⁠apiyā⁠/, “into the water”), Tocharian B āp (“water”), Hittite 𒄩𒉺𒀀 (ḫa-pa-a, “towards the river”), Persian آب (âb), Latin amnis (“river”).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɐ́p/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ɐp/

Noun

अप् • (áp) stem, f

1. water (also personified as a deity)

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:जल

   • c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.9.1:

     आपो॒ हि ष्ठा म॑यो॒भुव॒स्ता न॑ ऊ॒र्जे द॑धातन।
     म॒हे रणा॑य॒ चक्ष॑से॥

     ā́po hí ṣṭhā́ mayobhúvastā́ na ūrjé dadhātana.
     mahé ráṇāya cákṣase.

     Ye, Waters, are beneficent: so help ye us to energy
     That we may look on great delight.

2. (astronomy) the star δ Virginis in Virgo

Usage notes

In Vedic Sanskrit, used both in singular and in plural; in Classical Sanskrit, only in plural.

Declension

Feminine root-stem declension of अप्

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	अप् (áp)	अपौ (ápau) अपा¹ (ápā¹)	आपस् (ā́pas)
accusative	अपम् (ápam)	अपौ (ápau) अपा¹ (ápā¹)	अपः (ápaḥ)
instrumental	अपा (apā́)	अद्भ्याम् (adbhyā́m)	अद्भिः (adbhíḥ)
dative	अपे (apé)	अद्भ्याम् (adbhyā́m)	अद्भ्यः (adbhyáḥ)
ablative	अपः (apáḥ)	अद्भ्याम् (adbhyā́m)	अद्भ्यः (adbhyáḥ)
genitive	अपः (apáḥ)	अपोः (apóḥ)	अपाम् (apā́m)
locative	अपि (apí)	अपोः (apóḥ)	अप्सु (apsú)
vocative	अप् (áp)	अपौ (ápau) अपा¹ (ápā¹)	आपस् (ā́pas)

• ¹Vedic

Derived terms

• अपःसंवर्त (apaḥsaṃvarta)
• अपां नपात् (apā́ṃ nápāt)
• अपां वत्स (apāṃ vatsa)
• अप्कृत्स्नम् (apkṛtsnam)
• अप्चर (apcara)
• अप्पति (appati)
• अप्पित्तम (appittama)
• अप्सरस् (apsaras)
• अब्ज (abja)
• आप्त्य (āptya)

Descendants

• Dardic:
  • Dameli: [script needed] (âu)
  • Gawar-Bati: [script needed] (aw)
• Pali: āpa
• → Old Marathi: आप (āpa) (learned)
• → Bengali: অপ (op) (learned)

Further reading

• Monier Williams (1899), “अप्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 47, column 3.
• Hellwig, Oliver (2010–2025), “ap”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.