कलम
Hindi
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Sanskrit कलम (kalama), ultimately derived from Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos). Doublet of क़लम (qalam).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Standard Hindi) IPA(key): /kə.ləm/, [kɐ.lɐ̃m]
Noun
[edit]कलम • (kalam) f
Declension
[edit]| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | कलम kalam |
कलमें kalamẽ |
| oblique | कलम kalam |
कलमों kalamõ |
| vocative | कलम kalam |
कलमो kalamo |
Marathi
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Classical Persian قَلَم (qalam). Also influenced by Sanskrit cognate कलम (kalama).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- clause, section; a distinct header.
- (law) section
- Coordinate term: उपकलम (upakalam)
- भारतीय दंड संहितेच्या कलम ३०० अंतर्गत खूनाची व्याख्या करण्यात आली आहे.
- bhārtīy daṇḍa sauhitecyā kalam 300 antargat khūnācī vyākhyā karaṇyāt ālī āhe.
- Section 300 of the Indian Penal Code defines the offence of murder.
- (law, colloquial) article
- Synonym: अनुच्छेद (anucched)
- संविधानाच्या कलम १४ अंतर्गत कायद्यापुढे समानतेचा अधिकार हमी देण्यात आला आहे.
- sauvidhānācyā kalam 14 antargat kāyadyāpuḍhe samāntecā adhikār hamī deṇyāt ālā āhe.
- Article 14 of the Constitution guarantees the right to equality before law.
- (horticulture) a graft
- (uncommon) the act of cutting of
- Synonym: विच्छेदन (vicchedan)
- (surgery, rare) amputation
- Synonym: अंगच्छेदन (aṅgacchedan)
- (rare or obsolete) pen
Declension
[edit]| Declension of कलम (masc cons-stem) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| direct singular |
कलम kalam | ||
| direct plural |
कलम kalam | ||
| singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन | ||
| nominative प्रथमा |
कलम kalam |
कलम kalam | |
| oblique सामान्यरूप |
कलमा kalmā |
कलमां- kalmān- | |
| accusative / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी |
कलमाला kalmālā |
कलमांना kalmānnā | |
| ergative | कलमाने, कलमानं kalmāne, kalmāna |
कलमांनी kalmānnī | |
| instrumental | कलमाशी kalmāśī |
कलमांशी kalmānśī | |
| locative सप्तमी |
कलमात kalmāt |
कलमांत kalmāt | |
| vocative संबोधन |
कलमा kalmā |
कलमांनो kalmānno | |
| Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition. | |||
| Genitive declension of कलम (masc cons-stem) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म |
feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म |
neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म |
oblique सामान्यरूप | |||||
| singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular* एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
|||
| singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता |
कलमाचा kalmāċā |
कलमाचे kalmāċe |
कलमाची kalmācī |
कलमाच्या kalmācā |
कलमाचे, कलमाचं kalmāċe, kalmāċa |
कलमाची kalmācī |
कलमाच्या kalmācā | |
| plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता |
कलमांचा kalmānċā |
कलमांचे kalmānċe |
कलमांची kalmāñcī |
कलमांच्या kalmāncā |
कलमांचे, कलमांचं kalmānċe, kalmānċa |
कलमांची kalmāñcī |
कलमांच्या kalmāñcā | |
| * Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition. | ||||||||
References
[edit]- ^ Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983), “कलम”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
- ^ दाते, यशवंत रामकृष्ण [Date, Yashwant Ramkrishna] (1932-1950), “कलम”, in महाराष्ट्र शब्दकोश (mahārāṣṭra śabdakoś) (in Marathi), पुणे [Pune]: महाराष्ट्र कोशमंडळ (mahārāṣṭra kośmaṇḍaḷ)
- ^ Molesworth, James Thomas (1857), “कलम”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
Nepali
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Hindi क़लम (qalam), borrowed from Classical Persian قَلَم (qalam), borrowed from Arabic قَلَم (qalam), from Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱélh₂m̥ (“reed, straw”). Also influenced by Sanskrit cognate कलम (kalama).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]कलम • (kalam)
Further reading
[edit]- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1931), “कलम्”, in A comparative and etymological dictionary of the Nepali language, London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner, page 79
Sanskrit
[edit]Alternative scripts
[edit]- কলম (Assamese script)
- ᬓᬮᬫ (Balinese script)
- কলম (Bengali script)
- 𑰎𑰩𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀓𑀮𑀫 (Brahmi script)
- ကလမ (Burmese script)
- કલમ (Gujarati script)
- ਕਲਮ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌕𑌲𑌮 (Grantha script)
- ꦏꦭꦩ (Javanese script)
- 𑂍𑂪𑂧 (Kaithi script)
- ಕಲಮ (Kannada script)
- កលម (Khmer script)
- ກລມ (Lao script)
- കലമ (Malayalam script)
- ᡬᠠᠯᠠᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘎𑘩𑘦 (Modi script)
- ᢉᠠᠯᠠᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦮𑧉𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐎𑐮𑐩 (Newa script)
- କଲମ (Odia script)
- ꢒꢭꢪ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆑𑆬𑆩 (Sharada script)
- 𑖎𑖩𑖦 (Siddham script)
- කලම (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩜𑩽𑩴 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚊𑚥𑚢 (Takri script)
- கலம (Tamil script)
- కలమ (Telugu script)
- กลม (Thai script)
- ཀ་ལ་མ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒏𑒪𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨋𑨬𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)
Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]According to the Uṇādi-sūtra, iv, p.84, from the root कलते (√kal, “to sound”).
Noun
[edit]कलम • (kalama) stem, m
- a sort of rice (sown in May and June and ripening in December or January)
Declension
[edit]| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | कलमः (kalamaḥ) | कलमौ (kalamau) कलमा¹ (kalamā¹) |
कलमाः (kalamāḥ) कलमासः¹ (kalamāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | कलमम् (kalamam) | कलमौ (kalamau) कलमा¹ (kalamā¹) |
कलमान् (kalamān) |
| instrumental | कलमेन (kalamena) | कलमाभ्याम् (kalamābhyām) | कलमैः (kalamaiḥ) कलमेभिः¹ (kalamebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | कलमाय (kalamāya) | कलमाभ्याम् (kalamābhyām) | कलमेभ्यः (kalamebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | कलमात् (kalamāt) | कलमाभ्याम् (kalamābhyām) | कलमेभ्यः (kalamebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | कलमस्य (kalamasya) | कलमयोः (kalamayoḥ) | कलमानाम् (kalamānām) |
| locative | कलमे (kalame) | कलमयोः (kalamayoḥ) | कलमेषु (kalameṣu) |
| vocative | कलम (kalama) | कलमौ (kalamau) कलमा¹ (kalamā¹) |
कलमाः (kalamāḥ) कलमासः¹ (kalamāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Etymology 2
[edit]Borrowed from Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos, “reed”). Compare Arabic قَلَم (qalam) (whence Hindi क़लम (qalam)).
Noun
[edit]कलम • (kalama) stem, m
- writing reed
Declension
[edit]| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | कलमः (kalamaḥ) | कलमौ (kalamau) कलमा¹ (kalamā¹) |
कलमाः (kalamāḥ) कलमासः¹ (kalamāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | कलमम् (kalamam) | कलमौ (kalamau) कलमा¹ (kalamā¹) |
कलमान् (kalamān) |
| instrumental | कलमेन (kalamena) | कलमाभ्याम् (kalamābhyām) | कलमैः (kalamaiḥ) कलमेभिः¹ (kalamebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | कलमाय (kalamāya) | कलमाभ्याम् (kalamābhyām) | कलमेभ्यः (kalamebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | कलमात् (kalamāt) | कलमाभ्याम् (kalamābhyām) | कलमेभ्यः (kalamebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | कलमस्य (kalamasya) | कलमयोः (kalamayoḥ) | कलमानाम् (kalamānām) |
| locative | कलमे (kalame) | कलमयोः (kalamayoḥ) | कलमेषु (kalameṣu) |
| vocative | कलम (kalama) | कलमौ (kalamau) कलमा¹ (kalamā¹) |
कलमाः (kalamāḥ) कलमासः¹ (kalamāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Etymology 3
[edit]Borrowed from Dravidian, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian *kaḷ-.
Noun
[edit]कलम • (kalama) stem, m
Declension
[edit]| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | कलमः (kalamaḥ) | कलमौ (kalamau) कलमा¹ (kalamā¹) |
कलमाः (kalamāḥ) कलमासः¹ (kalamāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | कलमम् (kalamam) | कलमौ (kalamau) कलमा¹ (kalamā¹) |
कलमान् (kalamān) |
| instrumental | कलमेन (kalamena) | कलमाभ्याम् (kalamābhyām) | कलमैः (kalamaiḥ) कलमेभिः¹ (kalamebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | कलमाय (kalamāya) | कलमाभ्याम् (kalamābhyām) | कलमेभ्यः (kalamebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | कलमात् (kalamāt) | कलमाभ्याम् (kalamābhyām) | कलमेभ्यः (kalamebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | कलमस्य (kalamasya) | कलमयोः (kalamayoḥ) | कलमानाम् (kalamānām) |
| locative | कलमे (kalame) | कलमयोः (kalamayoḥ) | कलमेषु (kalameṣu) |
| vocative | कलम (kalama) | कलमौ (kalamau) कलमा¹ (kalamā¹) |
कलमाः (kalamāḥ) कलमासः¹ (kalamāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
References
[edit]- Monier Williams (1899), “कलम”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0260.
- Hindi terms inherited from Sanskrit
- Hindi terms derived from Sanskrit
- Hindi terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Hindi doublets
- Hindi terms with IPA pronunciation
- Hindi lemmas
- Hindi nouns
- Hindi feminine nouns
- Hindi nuqtaless forms
- Hindi feminine consonant-stem nouns
- Marathi terms derived from Classical Persian
- Marathi terms borrowed from Classical Persian
- Marathi terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Marathi terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Marathi terms derived from Arabic
- Marathi terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *ḱélh₂m̥
- Marathi terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Marathi/əm
- Rhymes:Marathi/əm/2 syllables
- Marathi lemmas
- Marathi nouns
- Marathi nouns in Devanagari script
- Marathi masculine nouns
- mr:Law
- Marathi terms with usage examples
- Marathi colloquialisms
- mr:Horticulture
- Marathi terms with uncommon senses
- mr:Surgery
- Marathi terms with rare senses
- Marathi terms with obsolete senses
- Marathi nouns with declension
- Marathi masculine consonant-stem nouns
- mr:Injuries
- mr:Amputation
- Nepali terms derived from Arabic
- Nepali terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Nepali terms derived from Classical Persian
- Nepali terms derived from Hindi
- Nepali terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Nepali terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *ḱélh₂m̥
- Nepali terms borrowed from Hindi
- Nepali terms with IPA pronunciation
- Nepali lemmas
- Nepali nouns
- Sanskrit terms with IPA pronunciation
- Sanskrit lemmas
- Sanskrit nouns
- Sanskrit nouns in Devanagari script
- Sanskrit masculine nouns
- Sanskrit a-stem nouns
- Sanskrit terms borrowed from Ancient Greek
- Sanskrit terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Sanskrit terms borrowed from Dravidian languages
- Sanskrit terms derived from Dravidian languages
- Sanskrit terms derived from Proto-Dravidian
- sa:Grasses
- sa:People
- sa:Writing instruments