छल

Hindi

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *(s)gʷʰh₂el-

Sanskrit स्खल् (skhal)?

Sanskrit छद् (chad)?

Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel-der.?

Sanskrit छल (chala)

Hindi छल

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀙𑀮 (chala), from Sanskrit छल (chala).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Hindi) IPA^(key): /t͡ʃʰəl/, [t͡ʃʰɐl]
• Rhymes: -əl

Noun

छल • (chal) m (Urdu spelling چھل)

1. fraud, deceit; excuse

   Synonyms: धोखा (dhokhā), कपट (kapaṭ)

2. ruse, ploy, plot

Declension

Declension of छल (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	छल chal	छल chal
oblique	छल chal	छलों chalõ
vocative	छल chal	छलो chalo

Related terms

• छल करना (chal karnā, “to deceive”)
• छल-कपट (chal-kapaṭ, “guile”)
• छल-बल (chal-bal)
• छलन (chalan)
• छलना (chalnā, “to deceive”)
• छलहाया (chalhāyā)
• छलिया (chaliyā, “fraudster”)
• छली (chalī, “deceitful”)
• वाक्छल (vākchal, “sophistry”)

References

• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “छल”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
• Platts, John T. (1884), “छल”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
• Bahri, Hardev (1989), “छल”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• chala (Latin script)
• 𑀙𑀮 (Brahmi script)
• ছল (Bengali script)
• ඡල (Sinhalese script)
• ဆလ or ꧡလ (Burmese script)
• ฉล or ฉะละ (Thai script)
• ᨨᩃ (Tai Tham script)
• ຉລ or ຉະລະ (Lao script)
• ឆល (Khmer script)
• 𑄍𑄣 (Chakma script)

Noun

छल n

1. Devanagari script form of chala

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• ছল (Assamese script)
• ᬙᬮ (Balinese script)
• ছল (Bengali script)
• 𑰔𑰩 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀙𑀮 (Brahmi script)
• ဆလ (Burmese script)
• છલ (Gujarati script)
• ਛਲ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌛𑌲 (Grantha script)
• ꦖꦭ (Javanese script)
• 𑂓𑂪 (Kaithi script)
• ಛಲ (Kannada script)
• ឆល (Khmer script)
• ຉລ (Lao script)
• ഛല (Malayalam script)
• ᡮᠠᠯᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘔𑘩 (Modi script)
• ᠼᠠᠯᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦴𑧉 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐕𑐮 (Newa script)
• ଛଲ (Odia script)
• ꢘꢭ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆗𑆬 (Sharada script)
• 𑖔𑖩 (Siddham script)
• ඡල (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩢𑩽 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚐𑚥 (Takri script)
• ச²ல (Tamil script)
• ఛల (Telugu script)
• ฉล (Thai script)
• ཚ་ལ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒕𑒪 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨤𑨬 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *(s)gʷʰh₂el-

Sanskrit स्खल् (skhal)?

Sanskrit छद् (chad)?

Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel-der.?

Sanskrit छल

Uncertain. Some theories:

• From the same origin as स्खल् (skhal, “to stumble”), but where the original velar was palatalized. Semantically, compare Prakrit छलिअ (chalia, “tripped up”) and Hindi बिछलना (bichalnā, “to slip up, stumble”) < *विच्छल- (vicchala-).
• From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel- (“to bend”), whence Latin scelus (“evil deed”) and Ancient Greek σκολῐός (skolĭós, “twisted, obscure”).
• A phonetic variant of छद (chada, “covering”). Semantically, compare छद्मन् (chadman, “deceit, disguise”) from the same root छद् (chad, “to cover”).
• Kuiper spuriously suggests Munda origin.

The root छल् (chal)—छलयति (chalayati, “to deceive”), etc—is back-formed from this noun.

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /t͡ɕʰɐ.lɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /t͡ɕʰɐ.l̪ɐ/

Noun

छल • (chala) stem, n (root छल्)

1. fraud, deceit, sham, guise, pretence, delusion, semblance, fiction, feint, trick, fallacy
2. deceitful disputation, perverting the sense of words
3. wickedness

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of छल

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	छलम् (chalam)	छले (chale)	छलानि (chalāni) छला¹ (chalā¹)
accusative	छलम् (chalam)	छले (chale)	छलानि (chalāni) छला¹ (chalā¹)
instrumental	छलेन (chalena)	छलाभ्याम् (chalābhyām)	छलैः (chalaiḥ) छलेभिः¹ (chalebhiḥ¹)
dative	छलाय (chalāya)	छलाभ्याम् (chalābhyām)	छलेभ्यः (chalebhyaḥ)
ablative	छलात् (chalāt)	छलाभ्याम् (chalābhyām)	छलेभ्यः (chalebhyaḥ)
genitive	छलस्य (chalasya)	छलयोः (chalayoḥ)	छलानाम् (chalānām)
locative	छले (chale)	छलयोः (chalayoḥ)	छलेषु (chaleṣu)
vocative	छल (chala)	छले (chale)	छलानि (chalāni) छला¹ (chalā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Descendants

• Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀙𑀮 (chala)
  • Old Marathi: 𑘔𑘯 (chaḷa)
    • Marathi: छळ (chaḷ)
• → Kannada: ಛಲ (chala)
• → Malay: celaka
  • → Hokkien: celaka (Penang)
  • > Indonesian: celaka (inherited)