छल

Hindi

Etymology

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀙𑀮 (chala), from Sanskrit छल (chala).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /t͡ʃʰəl/, [t͡ʃʰɐl]
• Rhymes: -əl

Noun

छल • (chal) m (Urdu spelling چهل)

1. fraud, deceit; excuse

   Synonyms: धोखा (dhokhā), कपट (kapaṭ)

2. ruse, ploy, plot

Declension

Declension of छल (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	छल chal	छल chal
oblique	छल chal	छलों chalõ
vocative	छल chal	छलो chalo

References

• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “छल”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
• Platts, John T. (1884) “छल”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
• Bahri, Hardev (1989) “छल”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• chala (Latin script)
• 𑀙𑀮 (Brahmi script)
• ছল (Bengali script)
• ඡල (Sinhalese script)
• ဆလ or ꧡလ (Burmese script)
• ฉล or ฉะละ (Thai script)
• ᨨᩃ (Tai Tham script)
• ຉລ or ຉະລະ (Lao script)
• ឆល (Khmer script)
• 𑄍𑄣 (Chakma script)

Noun

छल n

1. Devanagari script form of chala

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• ছল (Assamese script)
• ᬙᬮ (Balinese script)
• ছল (Bengali script)
• 𑰔𑰩 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀙𑀮 (Brahmi script)
• ဆလ (Burmese script)
• છલ (Gujarati script)
• ਛਲ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌛𑌲 (Grantha script)
• ꦖꦭ (Javanese script)
• 𑂓𑂪 (Kaithi script)
• ಛಲ (Kannada script)
• ឆល (Khmer script)
• ຉລ (Lao script)
• ഛല (Malayalam script)
• ᡮᠠᠯᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘔𑘩 (Modi script)
• ᠼᠠᠯᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦴𑧉 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐕𑐮 (Newa script)
• ଛଲ (Odia script)
• ꢘꢭ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆗𑆬 (Sharada script)
• 𑖔𑖩 (Siddham script)
• ඡල (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩢𑩽 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚐𑚥 (Takri script)
• ச²ல (Tamil script)
• ఛల (Telugu script)
• ฉล (Thai script)
• ཚ་ལ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒕𑒪 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨤𑨬 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From the root छल् (chal).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /t͡ɕʰɐ.lɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /t͡ɕʰɐ.l̪ɐ/

Noun

छल • (chala) stem, n

1. fraud, deceit, sham, guise, pretence, delusion, semblance, fiction, feint, trick, fallacy
2. deceitful disputation, perverting the sense of words
3. wickedness

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of छल

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	छलम् (chalam)	छले (chale)	छलानि (chalāni) छला¹ (chalā¹)
accusative	छलम् (chalam)	छले (chale)	छलानि (chalāni) छला¹ (chalā¹)
instrumental	छलेन (chalena)	छलाभ्याम् (chalābhyām)	छलैः (chalaiḥ) छलेभिः¹ (chalebhiḥ¹)
dative	छलाय (chalāya)	छलाभ्याम् (chalābhyām)	छलेभ्यः (chalebhyaḥ)
ablative	छलात् (chalāt)	छलाभ्याम् (chalābhyām)	छलेभ्यः (chalebhyaḥ)
genitive	छलस्य (chalasya)	छलयोः (chalayoḥ)	छलानाम् (chalānām)
locative	छले (chale)	छलयोः (chalayoḥ)	छलेषु (chaleṣu)
vocative	छल (chala)	छले (chale)	छलानि (chalāni) छला¹ (chalā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Descendants

• Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀙𑀮 (chala)
  • Old Marathi: 𑘔𑘯 (chaḷa)
    • Marathi: छळ (chaḷ)
• → Kannada: ಛಲ (chala)
• → Malay: celaka
  • > Indonesian: celaka (inherited)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “छल”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 405.