नगर

See also: नांगर

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit नगर (nágara). Doublet of -नेर (-ner).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Hindi) IPA^(key): /nə.ɡəɾ/, [nɐ.ɡɐɾ]

Noun

नगर • (nagar) m (Urdu spelling نگر)

1. city, town

   Synonym: शहर (śahar)

   तुम किस नगर से आए हो?

   tum kis nagar se āe ho?

   What city do you come from?

Declension

Declension of नगर (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	नगर nagar	नगर nagar
oblique	नगर nagar	नगरों nagarõ
vocative	नगर nagar	नगरो nagaro

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit नगर (nágara).

Noun

नगर • (nagar) n

1. city, town

References

• Molesworth, James Thomas (1857), “नगर”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press

Nepali

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Sanskrit नगर (nagara).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [nʌɡ̞ʌr]
• Phonetic Devanagari: नगर्

Noun

नगर • (nagar)

1. city, town

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [nʌ‿ɡʌɾʌ]
• Phonetic Devanagari: न्a g्aर्a

Verb

नगर • (nagara)

1. inflection of गर्नु (garnu):
   1. stem
   2. second-person mid respect singular negative imperative

Newar

Etymology

From Sanskrit नगर (nagara).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [nəɡəɾə]

Noun

नगर • (nagara) ? (Newa Spelling 𑐣𑐐𑐬)

1. city, town

Old Gujarati

Etymology

From Sanskrit नगर (nagara).

Noun

नगर • (nagara) n

1. city

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• নগৰ (Assamese script)
• ᬦᬕᬭ (Balinese script)
• নগর (Bengali script)
• 𑰡𑰐𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀦𑀕𑀭 (Brahmi script)
• နဂရ (Burmese script)
• નગર (Gujarati script)
• ਨਗਰ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌨𑌗𑌰 (Grantha script)
• ꦤꦒꦫ (Javanese script)
• 𑂢𑂏𑂩 (Kaithi script)
• ನಗರ (Kannada script)
• នគរ (Khmer script)
• ນຄຣ (Lao script)
• നഗര (Malayalam script)
• ᠨᠠᡤᠠᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘡𑘐𑘨 (Modi script)
• ᠨᠠᠺᠠᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧁𑦰𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐣𑐐𑐬 (Newa script)
• ନଗର (Odia script)
• ꢥꢔꢬ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆤𑆓𑆫 (Sharada script)
• 𑖡𑖐𑖨 (Siddham script)
• නගර (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩯𑩞𑩼 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚝𑚌𑚤 (Takri script)
• நக³ர (Tamil script)
• నగర (Telugu script)
• นคร (Thai script)
• ན་ག་ར (Tibetan script)
• 𑒢𑒑𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨝𑨍𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Tedesco derives the word from a dissimilating Prakritization of an unattested compound *नृगर (*nṛgará, “gathering of men”), from नृ (nṛ) +‎ *गर (*gara), the latter related to ग्राम (grāma, “village”) and Ancient Greek ᾰ̓γορᾱ́ (ăgorā́, “assembly”) (although Mayrhofer doubts Tedesco's derivation and considers the word to be borrowed from Dravidian to Indo-Aryan). It is likely the ultimate source of similar words in Dravidian; compare Old Tamil 𑀦𑀓𑀭𑁆 (nakar, “house, palace, temple, city”), Telugu నగరు (nagaru, “palace”). Southworth derives the word from Proto-South Dravidian *nakar.

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /nɐ́.ɡɐ.ɾɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /n̪ɐ.ɡɐ.ɾɐ/

Noun

नग॑र॒ ऽऽओ॒र॒ऽऽ न॒ग॒र • (nágara or nagará) stem, n

1. town, city
   • c. 500 BCE – 100 BCE, Rāmāyaṇa 2.43.4:

     अथ स्म नगरे रामः चरन् भैक्षम् गृहे वसेत् ।
     काम कारः वरम् दातुम् अपि दासम् मम आत्मजम् ॥

     atha sma nagare rāmaḥ caran bhaikṣam gṛhe vaset.
     kāma kāraḥ varam dātum api dāsam mama ātmajam.

     • 2002 translation by K. M. K. Murthy

       Even giving my son to her as a slave would have been better. By that Rama would have at least stayed in the house by doing the work entrusted by her and roaming about in the city, asking alms.

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of नग॑र

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	नग॑रम् (nágaram)	नग॑रे (nágare)	नग॑राणि (nágarāṇi) नग॑रा¹ (nágarā¹)
accusative	नग॑रम् (nágaram)	नग॑रे (nágare)	नग॑राणि (nágarāṇi) नग॑रा¹ (nágarā¹)
instrumental	नग॑रेण (nágareṇa)	नग॑राभ्याम् (nágarābhyām)	नग॑रैः (nágaraiḥ) नग॑रेभिः¹ (nágarebhiḥ¹)
dative	नग॑राय (nágarāya)	नग॑राभ्याम् (nágarābhyām)	नग॑रेभ्यः (nágarebhyaḥ)
ablative	नग॑रात् (nágarāt)	नग॑राभ्याम् (nágarābhyām)	नग॑रेभ्यः (nágarebhyaḥ)
genitive	नग॑रस्य (nágarasya)	नग॑रयोः (nágarayoḥ)	नग॑राणाम् (nágarāṇām)
locative	नग॑रे (nágare)	नग॑रयोः (nágarayoḥ)	नग॑रेषु (nágareṣu)
vocative	नग॑र (nágara)	नग॑रे (nágare)	नग॑राणि (nágarāṇi) नग॑रा¹ (nágarā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Neuter a-stem declension of न॒ग॒र

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	न॒ग॒रम् (nagarám)	न॒ग॒रे (nagaré)	न॒ग॒राणि॑ (nagarā́ṇi) न॒ग॒रा¹ (nagarā́¹)
accusative	न॒ग॒रम् (nagarám)	न॒ग॒रे (nagaré)	न॒ग॒राणि॑ (nagarā́ṇi) न॒ग॒रा¹ (nagarā́¹)
instrumental	न॒ग॒रेण॑ (nagaréṇa)	न॒ग॒राभ्या॑म् (nagarā́bhyām)	न॒ग॒रैः (nagaráiḥ) न॒ग॒रेभिः॑¹ (nagarébhiḥ¹)
dative	न॒ग॒राय॑ (nagarā́ya)	न॒ग॒राभ्या॑म् (nagarā́bhyām)	न॒ग॒रेभ्यः॑ (nagarébhyaḥ)
ablative	न॒ग॒रात् (nagarā́t)	न॒ग॒राभ्या॑म् (nagarā́bhyām)	न॒ग॒रेभ्यः॑ (nagarébhyaḥ)
genitive	न॒ग॒रस्य॑ (nagarásya)	न॒ग॒रयोः॑ (nagaráyoḥ)	न॒ग॒राणा॑म् (nagarā́ṇām)
locative	न॒ग॒रे (nagaré)	न॒ग॒रयोः॑ (nagaráyoḥ)	न॒ग॒रेषु॑ (nagaréṣu)
vocative	नग॑र (nágara)	नग॑रे (nágare)	नग॑राणि (nágarāṇi) नग॑रा¹ (nágarā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Derived terms

• नागर (nāgara)

Descendants

• Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀡𑀬𑀭 (ṇayara)
  • Old Gujarati: नयर (nayara)
    • Gujarati: નેર (ner)
  • Hindi: -नेर (-ner)
• Sinhalese: නුවර (nuwara)
• → Assamese: নগৰ (nôgôr)
• → Bengali: নগর (nogor)
• → Burmese: နဂိုရ် (na.guir); နဂရ (na.ga.ra.)
• → Chakma: 𑄚𑄧𑄉𑄧𑄢𑄴 (nagar)
• → Dhivehi: ނަގަރު (nagaru)
• → Gujarati: નગર (nagar)
• → Hindi: नगर (nagar)
• → Khmer: នគរ (nɔkɔɔ)
• → Kannada: ನಗರ (nagara)
• → Lao: ນະຄອນ (na khǭn)
• → Lü: ᦓᦅᦸᧃ (nkoan), ᦓᦅᦟ (nkl)
• → Malayalam: നഗരം (nagaraṁ)
• → Malay: negara (نݢارا)
  • Indonesian: negara
    • → English: negara
• → Marathi: नगर (nagar)
• → Nepali: नगर (nagar)
• → Newar: नगर (nagara)
• → Odia: ନଗର (nagara)
• → Old Gujarati: नगर (nagara)
• → Old Javanese: nagara
  • Javanese: ꦤꦒꦫ (nagara), ꦤꦒꦫꦶ (nagari), ꦤꦼꦒꦫ (negara), ꦤꦼꦒꦫꦶ (negari)
  • → Balinese: negara
• → Old Khmer: នគរ (nagara)
  • → Middle Khmer: អង្គរ ('aṅgara)
    • Khmer: អង្គរ (ʼɑngkɔɔ)
  • Khmer: នគរ (nɔkɔɔ)
  • Lao: ນະຄອນ (na khǭn)
  • Thai: นคร (ná-kɔɔn)
• Pali: nagara
• → Punjabi: ਨਗਰ (nagar)
• → Sinhalese: නගරය (nagaraya)
• → Sylheti: ꠘꠉꠞ (nogor)
• → Tamil: நகரம் (nakaram)
• → Telugu: నగరము (nagaramu)
• → Urdu: نگر (nagar)

References

• Monier Williams (1899), “नगर”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 525, column 1.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001), “nágara-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 5
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “nagará-”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 398
• Hellwig, Oliver (2010–2026), “nagara”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.