शहर

See also: शहरी, शाहीर, and शौहर

Bhojpuri

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian شهر (šahr), from Middle Persian 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩 (šahr), from Old Persian 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (xšaça). Compare Hindi शहर (śahar).

Noun

शहर (śahar) m (Kaithi 𑂬𑂯𑂩)

1. city

Hindi

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *tek-

Proto-Indo-European *tk-e-trómder.?

Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšatrám

Middle Persian 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩 (štʿy)

Classical Persian شَهْر (šahr)bor.

Hindi शहर

Borrowed from Classical Persian شَهر (šahr), from Middle Persian 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩 (štʿy /⁠šahr⁠/), from Proto-Iranian *xšaθram (likely through Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (xšaθra, “kingdom”)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšatrám, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to attain”). Cognate with Sanskrit क्षत्र (kṣatrá, “dominion, kingdom”), and Parthian 𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓 (ḥštr /⁠xšahr⁠/). Doublet of खाता (khātā).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Hindi) IPA^(key): /ʃə.ɦəɾ/, [ʃɛ.ɦɛɾ]

Noun

शहर • (śahar) m (Urdu spelling شہر)

1. city

   Synonyms: नगर (nagar), पुर (pur)

   आप किस शहर में रहते हैं?

   āp kis śahar mẽ rahte ha͠i?

   What city do you live in?

   • 1983, “Bombay Sheher Haadson Ka”, in M. G. Hashmat (lyrics), Kalyanji–Anandji (music), Haadsa, performed by Amit Kumar, Universal Music India:

     यह बम्बई शहर हादसों का शहर है

     yah bambaī śahar hādsõ kā śahar hai

     This city of Bombay is a city of "incidents"

Declension

Declension of शहर (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	शहर śahar	शहर śahar
oblique	शहर śahar	शहरों śaharõ
vocative	शहर śahar	शहरो śaharo

Derived terms

• शहरी (śahrī, “urban”)
• शहरीकरण (śahrīkraṇ, “urbanization”)
• शहरीकृत (śahrīkŕt, “urbanized”)

Descendants

• → Nepali: शहर (śahar), सहर (sahar)
  • → Kusunda: səhər

Kashmiri

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian شهر (šahr)

Noun

शहर • (śahar) m (Perso-Arabic شَہَر)

1. city, town

   Synonym: नगर (nagar)

References

• S. K. Toshakhani; Mohiuddin Hajni; Prithvi Nath Pushp; Mirza Ghulam Hassan Beg Arif; Ghulam Nabi Gowhar (1968-1980), Kashir Dictionary Vol 4‎^[1] (in Kashmiri), volume 4, Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, page 279
• Jawahir Lal Tickoo (2006), “شَہَر”, in Kashmiri-English Dictionary, Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies, →ISBN, page 299

• Hassan, Sheeba (2010), “šahar”, in A Pronouncing Dictionary of the Kashmiri Language, Chicago: South Asia Language Resource Center, University of Chicago

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian شهر (šahr), from Middle Persian 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩 (šahr), from Old Persian 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (xšaça-). Doublet of खाते (khāte). Compare Hindi शहर (śahar).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɕə.ɦəɾ/, [ɕəɾ]

Noun

शहर • (śahar) n

1. city
2. town

Declension

Declension of शहर (neut cons-stem)
direct singular	शहर śahar
direct plural	शहरे, शहरं śahare, śahra
	singular एकवचन		plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	शहर śahar		शहरे, शहरं śahare, śahra
oblique सामान्यरूप	शहरा śaharā		शहरां- śaharān-
accusative / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	शहराला śaharālā		शहरांना śaharānnā
ergative	शहराने, शहरानं śaharāne, śaharāna		शहरांनी śaharānnī
instrumental	शहराशी śaharāśī		शहरांशी śaharānśī
locative सप्तमी	शहरात śaharāt		शहरांत śaharāt
vocative संबोधन	शहरा śaharā		शहरांनो śaharānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of शहर (neut cons-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	शहराचा śaharāċā	शहराचे śaharāċe	शहराची śaharācī	शहराच्या śaharācā	शहराचे, शहराचं śaharāċe, śaharāċa	शहराची śaharācī	शहराच्या śaharācā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	शहरांचा śaharānċā	शहरांचे śaharānċe	शहरांची śaharāñcī	शहरांच्या śaharāncā	शहरांचे, शहरांचं śaharānċe, śaharānċa	शहरांची śaharāñcī	शहरांच्या śaharāñcā
* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

Synonyms

• नगर (nagar)

Derived terms

• शहरी (śahrī, “urban”)
• शहरीकरण (śahrīkraṇ, “urbanization”)

Nepali

Alternative forms

• सहर (sahar)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *tek-

Proto-Indo-European *tk-e-trómder.?

Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšatrám

Middle Persian 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩 (štʿy)

Classical Persian شَهْر (šahr)bor.

Hindi शहर (śahar)bor.

Nepali शहर

Borrowed from Hindi शहर (śahar), borrowed from Classical Persian شَهْر (šahr), from Middle Persian 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩 (štʿy), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšatrám, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *tk-e-tróm, from *tek-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sʌ̤ːr]
• Phonetic Devanagari: सःर्

Noun

शहर • (śahar)

1. city, town

   Synonym: नगर (nagar)

Descendants

• → Kusunda: səhər

Further reading

• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1931), “शहर्”, in A comparative and etymological dictionary of the Nepali language, London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner, page 573