Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/kšatrám

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *tek-

Proto-Indo-European *tk-e-trómder.?

Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšatrám

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *tk-e-tróm, from *tek- (“to obtain”). Equivalent to the root of *kšáyati +‎ *-trám.

Noun

*kšatrám n

1. kingdom, dominion, empire
2. rule, reign

Inflection

neuter a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kšatrám	*kšatráy	*kšatráH
vocative	*kšátram	*kšátray	*kšátraH
accusative	*kšatrám	*kšatráy	*kšatráH
instrumental	*kšatráH	*kšatráybʰyā(m)	*kšatrā́yš
ablative	*kšatrā́t	*kšatráybʰyā(m)	*kšatráybʰyas
dative	*kšatrā́y	*kšatráybʰyā(m)	*kšatráybʰyas
genitive	*kšatrásya	*kšatráyās	*kšatrā́naHam
locative	*kšatráy	*kšatráyaw	*kšatráyšu

Related terms

• *kšáyati

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣatrám
  • Sanskrit: क्षत्र (kṣatrá) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Iranian: *xšaθram
  • Central Iranian
    • Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (xšaθra)
  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Proto-Scythian:
      • Khotanese: [Term?] (/⁠kṣāra⁠/)
      • Proto-Sarmatian:
        • Ossetian:
        • Iron Ossetian: ӕхсар (æxsar)
        • Digor Ossetian: ӕхсарӕ (æxsaræ)
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Old Persian: 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (x-š-ç-m /⁠xšaçam⁠/)
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Kurdish:

      Central Kurdish: شار (şar)

      Northern Kurdish: şar

    • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
      • Old Median: *xšaθram
      • Proto-Komisenian:
        • Sangisari: شر (šar)
      • Parthian: 𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓 (ḥštr /⁠xšahr⁠/)
        • → Old Armenian: աշխարհ (ašxarh)
          • Armenian: աշխարհ (ašxarh)
        • → Middle Persian: 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩 (štry /⁠šahr⁠/)
          • Persian: شهر (šahr) (see there for further descendants)
        • Lurish:

          Northern Luri: شٸر (şəər)

          Bakhtiari: شٸر (şəər)

          Southern Luri: شںهر (şəhr)