पठति

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

পঠতি (Assamese script)
ᬧᬞᬢᬶ (Balinese script)
পঠতি (Bengali script)
𑰢𑰙𑰝𑰰 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀧𑀞𑀢𑀺 (Brahmi script)
ပဌတိ (Burmese script)
પઠતિ (Gujarati script)
ਪਠਤਿ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌪𑌠𑌤𑌿 (Grantha script)
ꦥꦜꦠꦶ (Javanese script)
𑂣𑂘𑂞𑂱 (Kaithi script)
ಪಠತಿ (Kannada script)
បឋតិ (Khmer script)
ປຐຕິ (Lao script)
പഠതി (Malayalam script)
ᢒᠠᡱᠠᢠᡳ (Manchu script)
𑘢𑘙𑘝𑘱 (Modi script)
ᢒᠠᢍᠠᢐᠢ (Mongolian script)
𑧂𑦹𑦽𑧒 (Nandinagari script)
𑐥𑐛𑐟𑐶 (Newa script)
ପଠତି (Odia script)
ꢦꢝꢡꢶ (Saurashtra script)
𑆥𑆜𑆠𑆴 (Sharada script)
𑖢𑖙𑖝𑖰 (Siddham script)
පඨති (Sinhalese script)
𑩰𑩧𑩫𑩑 (Soyombo script)
𑚞𑚕𑚙𑚮 (Takri script)
பட²தி (Tamil script)
పఠతి (Telugu script)
ปฐติ (Thai script)
པ་ཋ་ཏི (Tibetan script)
𑒣𑒚𑒞𑒱 (Tirhuta script)
𑨞𑨕𑨙𑨁 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“to spread”), with a shift in meaning from "spreading out" of rehearsed text during an oral recitation, and/or because books and scrolls are spread out when they are read. The presence of *l in the Indo-European root and unconstrained -ठ- (-ṭha-) might invite analysis under Fortunatov's Law; Proto-Indo-European *pl̥th₂-tós > Proto-Indo-Iranian *pl̥tHtás > पठित (paṭhita, “read”, past participle) from which पठति (paṭhati, “to read”) would be based. Phonologically, compare जठर (jaṭhara). For this, compare अट् (aṭ) and स्फुट् (sphuṭ). In this case, the Middle Indo-Aryan forms are derived from Sanskrit.

Alternatively, a sanskritization of Middle Indo-Aryan, e.g. Pali पठति (paṭhati), a formation from the Sanskrit root पृथ् (pṛth), from the same Indo-European root.

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /pɐ́.ʈʰɐ.ti/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /pɐ.ʈʰɐ.t̪i/

Verb

पठ॑ति • (páṭhati) third-singular indicative (class 1, type P, root पठ्)

to read
to read aloud, recite
to study, peruse
to invoke a deity
to cite a book

Conjugation

Present: पठ॑ति (páṭhati), पठ॑ते (páṭhate)
	Active			Mediopassive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative
Third	पठ॑ति páṭhati	पठ॑तः páṭhataḥ	पठ॑न्ति páṭhanti	पठ॑ते páṭhate	पठे॑ते páṭhete	पठ॑न्ते páṭhante
Second	पठ॑सि páṭhasi	पठ॑थः páṭhathaḥ	पठ॑थ páṭhatha	पठ॑से páṭhase	पठे॑थे páṭhethe	पठ॑ध्वे páṭhadhve
First	पठा॑मि páṭhāmi	पठा॑वः páṭhāvaḥ	पठा॑मः / पठा॑मसि¹ páṭhāmaḥ / páṭhāmasi¹	पठे॑ páṭhe	पठा॑वहे páṭhāvahe	पठा॑महे páṭhāmahe
Imperative
Third	पठ॑तु páṭhatu	पठ॑ताम् páṭhatām	पठ॑न्तु páṭhantu	पठ॑ताम् páṭhatām	पठे॑ताम् páṭhetām	पठ॑न्ताम् páṭhantām
Second	पठ॑ páṭha	पठ॑तम् páṭhatam	पठ॑त páṭhata	पठ॑स्व páṭhasva	पठे॑थाम् páṭhethām	पठ॑ध्वम् páṭhadhvam
First	पठा॑नि páṭhāni	पठा॑व páṭhāva	पठा॑म páṭhāma	पठै॑ páṭhai	पठा॑वहै páṭhāvahai	पठा॑महै páṭhāmahai
Optative/Potential
Third	पठे॑त् páṭhet	पठे॑ताम् páṭhetām	पठे॑युः páṭheyuḥ	पठे॑त páṭheta	पठे॑याताम् páṭheyātām	पठे॑रन् páṭheran
Second	पठेः॑ páṭheḥ	पठे॑तम् páṭhetam	पठे॑त páṭheta	पठे॑थाः páṭhethāḥ	पठे॑याथाम् páṭheyāthām	पठे॑ध्वम् páṭhedhvam
First	पठे॑यम् páṭheyam	पठे॑व páṭheva	पठे॑म páṭhema	पठे॑य páṭheya	पठे॑वहि páṭhevahi	पठे॑महि páṭhemahi
Subjunctive
Third	पठा॑त् / पठा॑ति páṭhāt / páṭhāti	पठा॑तः páṭhātaḥ	पठा॑न् páṭhān	पठा॑ते / पठा॑तै páṭhāte / páṭhātai	पठै॑ते páṭhaite	पठ॑न्त / पठा॑न्तै páṭhanta / páṭhāntai
Second	पठाः॑ / पठा॑सि páṭhāḥ / páṭhāsi	पठा॑थः páṭhāthaḥ	पठा॑थ páṭhātha	पठा॑से / पठा॑सै páṭhāse / páṭhāsai	पठै॑थे páṭhaithe	पठा॑ध्वै páṭhādhvai
First	पठा॑नि páṭhāni	पठा॑व páṭhāva	पठा॑म páṭhāma	पठै॑ páṭhai	पठा॑वहै páṭhāvahai	पठा॑महै páṭhāmahai
Participles
	पठ॑त् páṭhat			पठ॑मान páṭhamāna
Notes	The subjunctive is only used in Vedic Sanskrit. ¹Vedic

Imperfect: अप॑ठत् (ápaṭhat), अप॑ठत (ápaṭhata)
	Active			Mediopassive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative
Third	अप॑ठत् ápaṭhat	अप॑ठताम् ápaṭhatām	अप॑ठन् ápaṭhan	अप॑ठत ápaṭhata	अप॑ठेताम् ápaṭhetām	अप॑ठन्त ápaṭhanta
Second	अप॑ठः ápaṭhaḥ	अप॑ठतम् ápaṭhatam	अप॑ठत ápaṭhata	अप॑ठथाः ápaṭhathāḥ	अप॑ठेथाम् ápaṭhethām	अप॑ठध्वम् ápaṭhadhvam
First	अप॑ठम् ápaṭham	अप॑ठाव ápaṭhāva	अप॑ठाम ápaṭhāma	अप॑ठे ápaṭhe	अप॑ठावहि ápaṭhāvahi	अप॑ठामहि ápaṭhāmahi

Descendants

Dardic:
- Kashmiri:
  Sharada script: 𑆥𑆫𑆶𑆤 (parun)
  
  Devanagari script: परुन (parun)
  
  Arabic script: پَرُن (parun)
Pali: paṭhati
Prakrit: 𑀧𑀠𑀇 (paḍhaï)
- Central Indo-Aryan:
  - Hindustani:
    - Hindi: पढ़ना (paṛhnā)
    - Urdu: پَڑْھنا (paṛhnā)
- Eastern Indo-Aryan:
  - Bengali-Assamese:
    - Early Assamese: পঢ়্ (poṛh)
      - Assamese: পঢ়া (porha)
        Naga Pidgin: pora
    - Bengali: পড়া (poṛa)
  - Bihari:
    - Bhojpuri: पढ़ल (paṛhal)
    - Maithili: पढ़ब (paṛhab)
  - Odia: ପଢ଼ିବା (paṛhibā)
- Northern Indo-Aryan:
  - Nepali: पढ्नु (paḍhnu)
- Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
  - Punjabi:
    - Gurmukhi script: ਪੜ੍ਹਨਾ (paṛhnā)
    - Shahmukhi script: پَڑْھنا (paṛhnā)
  - Sindhi: پَڙھَڻُ (paṛhaṇu)
- Southern Indo-Aryan:
  - Old Marathi: 𑘢𑘛𑘜𑘹 (paḍhaṇe)
    - Marathi: पढणे (paḍhṇe)
- Western Indo-Aryan:
  - Gujarati: પઢવું (paḍhvũ)
→ Malayalam: പഠിക്കുക (paṭhikkuka)
→ Tamil: படி (paṭi)

References

Monier Williams (1899), “पठति”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 580, column 1.
William Dwight Whitney (1885), The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 93

Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “PAṬH”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 68
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963), Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[2] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 193
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “páṭhati”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press