飛ぶ
Appearance
Japanese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 飛 |
| と Grade: 4 |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 跳ぶ 翔ぶ |
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1] From Proto-Japonic *tənpu. Cognate with Okinawan 飛ぶん (tubun).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 飛ぶ
| Plain | 飛ぶ | とぶ | [tòbú] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conjunctive | 飛んで | とんで | [tòńdé] |
| Perfective | 飛んだ | とんだ | [tòńdá] |
| Negative | 飛ばない | とばない | [tòbánáí] |
| Negative perfective | 飛ばなかった | とばなかった | [tòbánáꜜkàttà] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 飛べば | とべば | [tòbéꜜbà] |
| Past conditional | 飛んだら | とんだら | [tòńdáꜜrà] |
| Imperative | 飛べ | とべ | [tòbé] |
| Volitional | 飛ぼう | とぼー | [tòbóꜜò] |
| Desiderative | 飛びたい | とびたい | [tòbítáí] |
| Formal | 飛びます | とびます | [tòbímáꜜsù] |
| Formal negative | 飛びません | とびません | [tòbímáséꜜǹ] |
| Formal volitional | 飛びましょう | とびましょー | [tòbímáshóꜜò] |
| Formal perfective | 飛びました | とびました | [tòbímáꜜshìtà] |
| Continuative | 飛び 飛びに |
とび とびに |
[tòbí] [tòbí ní] |
| Negative continuative | 飛ばず 飛ばずに |
とばず とばずに |
[tòbázú] [tòbázú ní] |
| Passive | 飛ばれる | とばれる | [tòbárérú] |
| Causative | 飛ばせる 飛ばす |
とばせる とばす |
[tòbásérú] [tòbású] |
| Potential | 飛べる | とべる | [tòbérú] |
Verb
[edit]飛ぶ • (tobu) intransitive godan (stem 飛び (tobi), past 飛んだ (tonda))
| Japanese verb pair | |
|---|---|
| active | 飛ばす |
| mediopassive | 飛ぶ |
Usage notes
[edit]This spelling of tobu usually denotes flying rather than jumping, as opposed to 跳ぶ which is reserved for the latter.
Conjugation
[edit]| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 飛ば | とば | toba |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 飛び | とび | tobi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 飛ぶ | とぶ | tobu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 飛ぶ | とぶ | tobu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 飛べ | とべ | tobe |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 飛べ | とべ | tobe |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 飛ばれる | とばれる | tobareru |
| Causative | 飛ばせる 飛ばす |
とばせる とばす |
tobaseru tobasu |
| Potential | 飛べる | とべる | toberu |
| Volitional | 飛ぼう | とぼう | tobō |
| Negative | 飛ばない | とばない | tobanai |
| Negative continuative | 飛ばず | とばず | tobazu |
| Formal | 飛びます | とびます | tobimasu |
| Perfective | 飛んだ | とんだ | tonda |
| Conjunctive | 飛んで | とんで | tonde |
| Hypothetical conditional | 飛べば | とべば | tobeba |
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 飛ば | とば | toba |
| Continuative (連用形) | 飛び | とび | tobi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 飛ぶ | とぶ | tobu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 飛ぶ | とぶ | tobu |
| Realis (已然形) | 飛べ | とべ | tobe |
| Imperative (命令形) | 飛べ | とべ | tobe |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 飛ばず | とばず | tobazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 飛べど | とべど | tobedo |
| Causal conjunction | 飛べば | とべば | tobeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 飛ばば | とばば | tobaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 飛びき | とびき | tobiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 飛びけり | とびけり | tobikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 飛びつ | とびつ | tobitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 飛びぬ | とびぬ | tobinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 飛べり 飛びたり |
とべり とびたり |
toberi tobitari |
| Volitional | 飛ばむ | とばむ | tobamu |
¹ In everyday speech, せら is shortened into さ in the causative passive forms of godan verbs: 飛ばせられる → 飛ばされる. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derived terms
[edit]- 飛び移る (tobiutsuru)
- 首が飛ぶ (kubi ga tobu, “to be fired, sacked”)
- 反復横跳び (hanpuku yoko-tobi)
- とんだ (tonda, “outrageous”)
References
[edit]- ^ “飛・跳”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- “飛ぶ”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
- 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 飛 read as と
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese terms with Heiban pitch accent (Tōkyō)
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation with pitch accent
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese intransitive verbs
- Japanese godan verbs
- Japanese godan verbs ending with -bu
- Japanese terms spelled with fourth grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji