ꜥḫm

See also: ꜥẖm

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈʕaːχam/ → /ˈʕaːχam/ → /ˈʕaːχəm/ → /ˈʕoːχəm/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʕaːχam/ (infinitive)
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʕaːχam/ (infinitive)
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʕaːχəm/ (infinitive)
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʕoːχəm/ (infinitive)

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑːxɛm/
  • Conventional anglicization: akhem

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to quench, to extinguish (fire, thirst, wind, rebellion, etc.)
   • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.5–1.6:

     jw jkn n(j) mw ꜥḫm.f jbt jw mḥ{t}⟨w⟩ r(ꜣ) m šww smn.f jb

     For a cup of water quenches thirst, for a mouthful of šww-herbs makes the heart firm.

2. (intransitive, Late Egyptian, of water) to dry up

Inflection

Conjugation of ꜥḫm (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ꜥḫm, geminated stem: ꜥḫmm

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ꜥḫm	ꜥḫmw, ꜥḫm	ꜥḫmt	ꜥḫm	ꜥḫm

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ꜥḫm	ḥr ꜥḫm	m ꜥḫm	r ꜥḫm

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ꜥḫm.n	ꜥḫmw, ꜥḫm	consecutive	ꜥḫm.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ꜥḫmt
perfective3	ꜥḫm	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	ꜥḫm.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ꜥḫm	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ꜥḫm	ꜥḫmm	potentialis1	ꜥḫm.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ꜥḫm	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ꜥḫm.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ꜥḫm	active + .tj1, .tw2	ꜥḫm	ꜥḫm, ꜥḫmw5, ꜥḫmy5
imperfective	ꜥḫm, ꜥḫmy, ꜥḫmw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	ꜥḫm, ꜥḫmj6, ꜥḫmy6	ꜥḫm, ꜥḫmw5
prospective	ꜥḫm, ꜥḫmtj7	—	ꜥḫmtj4, ꜥḫmt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥḫm  

ꜥḫm	ꜥḫm	ꜥḫm	ꜥḫm	ꜥḫm
		[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[Greco-Roman Period]

Descendants

• Demotic: ꜥšm, ꜥḫm
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲱⳉⲙⲉ (ōxme), ⲁⳉⲙ⸗ (axm⸗)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲱϣⲉⲙ (ōšem), ⲟϣⲙ⸗ (ošm⸗)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲱϣⲉⲙ (ōšem), ⲱϣⲙ̄ (ōšm̄), ⲁϣⲉⲙ- (ašem-)
  • Old Coptic: ⲟϣⲙ⸗ (ošm⸗)
  • Coptic Dialect P: ⲁⳋⲙ⸗ (açm⸗)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲱϣⲙ̄ (ōšm̄), ⲟⲩⲱϣⲙ̄ (ouōšm̄), ⲉϣⲙ- (ešm-), ⲟϣⲙ⸗ (ošm⸗)

References

• “ꜥḫm (lemma ID 40630)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 224.15–224.19
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 48
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 458.