Egyptian
Etymology 1
Pronunciation
Verb
3-lit.
( transitive ) to bend
( transitive ) to tie on
( transitive ) to complete , to stop
( transitive ) to understand
c. 1900 BCE ,
The Instructions of Kagemni (
pPrisse /pBN 183) lines 2.3–2.4:
rdj.jn ṯꜣt(j) njs.t(w) nꜣy.f n(j) ẖrdw m ḫt ꜥrq .f sḫr r(m)ṯw bj(ꜣ)t.sn m jjt ḥr.f So the vizier let his children be summoned after he understood the conduct of people, their character being what had come upon him.
Inflection
Conjugation of ꜥrq (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ꜥrq , geminated stem: ꜥrqq
infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive1
singular
plural
ꜥrq
ꜥrqw , ꜥrq
ꜥrqt
ꜥrq
ꜥrq
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective 2
periphrastic prospective 2
ꜥrq
ḥr ꜥrq
m ꜥrq
r ꜥrq
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
passive
contingent
aspect / mood
active
passive
perfect
ꜥrq.n
ꜥrqw , ꜥrq
consecutive
ꜥrq.jn
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
terminative
ꜥrqt
perfective 3
ꜥrq
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
obligative1
ꜥrq.ḫr
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
imperfective
ꜥrq
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
prospective 3
ꜥrq
ꜥrqq
potentialis1
ꜥrq.kꜣ
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
subjunctive
ꜥrq
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
passive
active
passive
perfect
ꜥrq.n
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
—
—
perfective
ꜥrq
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
ꜥrq
ꜥrq , ꜥrqw 5 , ꜥrqy 5
imperfective
ꜥrq , ꜥrqy , ꜥrqw 5
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
ꜥrq , ꜥrqj 6 , ꜥrqy 6
ꜥrq , ꜥrqw 5
prospective
ꜥrq , ꜥrqtj 7
—
ꜥrqtj 4 , ꜥrqt 4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f /.fj , feminine .s /.sj , dual .sn /.snj , plural .sn .
Only in the masculine singular.
Only in the masculine.
Only in the feminine.
Derived terms
Descendants
Etymology 2
From a form of the verb above.
Pronunciation
Noun
m
Uncertain
leg joint
Inflection
Declension of ꜥrq (masculine)
Descendants
Demotic: ꜣlg
Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲟϫ ( aloč ) , ⲁⲗⲟⲕ ( alok )
Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲟϭ ( aloc ) , ⲁⲗⲟⲕ ( alok )
References
Erman, Adolf , Grapow, Hermann (1926 ) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache [1] , volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN , pages 211.16–211.23
James P[eter] Allen (2010 ) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs , 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN , pages 337, 368 .