𑀢𑀼𑀨𑁂

Ashokan Prakrit

Etymology

From Sanskrit युष्मद् (yuṣmad, 2pl.pers) with analogy to त्वम् (tvam, 2sg.pers). Cognate with Pali tumhe.

Pronoun

𑀢𑀼𑀨𑁂 (tuphe)

1. you all; second-person plural personal pronoun

Alternative forms

Attested at Dhauli, Jaugada and Sarnath.

Dialectal forms of 𑀢𑀼𑀨𑁂 (“you all”)
Variety	Location	Forms edit
Central	Sarnath	𑀢𑀼𑀨𑁂 (tuphe)
East	Dhauli	𑀢𑀼𑀨𑁂 (tuphe)
	Jaugada	𑀢𑀼𑀨𑁂 (tuphe)

Map of dialectal forms of 𑀢𑀼𑀨𑁂 (“you all”)
𑀢𑀼𑀨𑁂 (tuphe) (3)

Descendants

• Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀢𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀪𑁂 (tubbhe)
  • Awadhi: तुम (tum)
• Khasa Prakrit:
  • Nepali: तिमी (timī)
• Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀢𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂 (tumhe)
  • Early Assamese: তুহ্মি (tumhi)
    • Assamese: তুমি (tumi)
  • Old Bengali: তুহ্মি (tumhi)
    • Bengali: তুমি (tumi)
• Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀢𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂 (tumhe), 𑀢𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀪𑁂 (tubbhe)
  • Gujarati: તમે (tame)
  • Konkani: तुमि (tumi)
  • Old Marathi:

    Modi script: 𑘝𑘳𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘹 (tumhe), 𑘝𑘳𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘲𑘽 (tumhīṃ)

    Devanagari script: तुम्हे (tumhe), तुम्ही (tumhī)

    • Marathi: तुम्ही (tumhī)
  • Punjabi: ਤੁਸੀਂ (tusī̃)
  • Romani: tumen, tume
    • Balkan Romani: tume
    • Baltic Romani: tume
    • Kalo Finnish Romani: tume
    • Sinte Romani: tume
    • Vlax Romani: tume
    • Welsh Romani: tume
  • Sauraseni Apabhramsa: तुम्हि (tumhi)
    • Hindustani: tum, tame

      Hindi: तुम, तमे

      Urdu: تم, تمہیں

• Paisaci Prakrit:
  • Takka Apabhramsa:
    • Punjabi:

      Gurmukhi script: ਤੁਸੀਂ (tusī̃)

      Shahmukhi script: تُسیں (tuseṉ)

  • Vracada Apabhramsa:
    • Sindhi:

      Devanagari script: तव्हीं

      Arabic script: تَوِهِين

• Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀢𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂 (tumhe), 𑀢𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀪𑁂 (tubbhe)
  • Gujarati: તમે (tame)
  • Konkani: तुमि (tumi)
  • Old Marathi:

    Modi script: 𑘝𑘳𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘹 (tumhe), 𑘝𑘳𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘲𑘽 (tumhīṃ)

    Devanagari script: तुम्हे (tumhe), तुम्ही (tumhī)

    • Marathi: तुम्ही (tumhī)
  • Punjabi: ਤੁਸੀਂ (tusī̃)
  • Romani: tumen, tume
    • Balkan Romani: tume
    • Baltic Romani: tume
    • Kalo Finnish Romani: tume
    • Sinte Romani: tume
    • Vlax Romani: tume
    • Welsh Romani: tume
  • Sauraseni Apabhramsa: तुम्हि (tumhi)
    • Hindustani: tum, tame

      Hindi: तुम, तमे

      Urdu: تم, تمہیں

References

• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “yuṣmad”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
• Sen, Sukumar (1960) A Comparative Grammar of Middle Indo-Aryan, Linguistic Society of India, page 111.