-sul
Hungarian
Etymology
-s (adjective suffix) + -ul (verb-forming suffix) [1]
Pronunciation
Suffix
-sul
- (verb-forming suffix) Used to form an intransitive verb similarly to the suffix -ul. Nouns and adjectives ending in ó/ő, ú/ű use it frequently.
- állandó (“permanent”) → állandósul (“to become permanent”)
Usage notes
- (verb-forming suffix) Harmonic variants:
- -sul is added to back vowel words
- -sül is added to front vowel words
Conjugation
conjugation of -sul
| Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | -sulok | -sulsz | -sul | -sulunk | -sultok | -sulnak | |
| Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indef. | -sultam | -sultál | -sult | -sultunk | -sultatok | -sultak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Future | Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. -sulni fog. | ||||||||
| Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | -sulék | -sulál | -sula | -sulánk | -sulátok | -sulának | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. -sul vala, -sult vala/volt. | ||||||||
| Archaic Future |
Indef. | -sulandok | -sulandasz | -suland | -sulandunk | -sulandotok | -sulandanak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | -sulnék | -sulnál | -sulna | -sulnánk | -sulnátok | -sulnának | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. -sult volna | ||||||||
| Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | -suljak | -sulj or -suljál |
-suljon | -suljunk | -suljatok | -suljanak | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| (Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. -sult légyen | ||||||||
| Infinitive | -sulni | -sulnom | -sulnod | -sulnia | -sulnunk | -sulnotok | -sulniuk | ||
| Other forms |
Verbal noun | Present part. | Past part. | Future part. | Adverbial participle | Causative | |||
| -sulás | -suló | -sult | ― | -sulva (-sulván) | |||||
potential conjugation of -sul
| Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | -sulhatok | -sulhatsz | -sulhat | -sulhatunk | -sulhattok | -sulhatnak | |
| Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indef. | -sulhattam | -sulhattál | -sulhatott | -sulhattunk | -sulhattatok | -sulhattak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | -sulhaték | -sulhatál | -sulhata | -sulhatánk | -sulhatátok | -sulhatának | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. -sulhat vala, -sulhatott vala/volt. | ||||||||
| Archaic Future |
Indef. | -sulhatandok or -sulandhatok |
-sulhatandasz or -sulandhatsz |
-sulhatand or -sulandhat |
-sulhatandunk or -sulandhatunk |
-sulhatandotok or -sulandhattok |
-sulhatandanak or -sulandhatnak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | -sulhatnék | -sulhatnál | -sulhatna | -sulhatnánk | -sulhatnátok | -sulhatnának | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. -sulhatott volna | ||||||||
| Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | -sulhassak | -sulhass or -sulhassál |
-sulhasson | -sulhassunk | -sulhassatok | -sulhassanak | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| (Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. -sulhatott légyen | ||||||||
| Inf. | (-sulhatni) | (-sulhatnom) | (-sulhatnod) | (-sulhatnia) | (-sulhatnunk) | (-sulhatnotok) | (-sulhatniuk) | ||
| Positive adjective | ― | Neg. adj. | ― | Adv. part. | (-sulhatva / -sulhatván) | ||||
Derived terms
See also
References
- ^ -sul in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)